Module 6: Section 2

Question 1

What is an amine?

Answer 1

Organic derivative of ammonia.

If one or more of the hydrogens in ammonia is replaced with an organic group, you get an amine.

Question 2

Why are amines bases?

Answer 2

Lone pair on the nitrogen atom is able to accept protons.

Question 3

How do you make amines?

Answer 3

Heating a haloalkane with an excess of ethanolic ammonia.

Question 4

How are aromatic amines made?

Answer 4

Reduce a nitro compound:

1. Heat with Sn, conc HCl under reflux.
2. Add NaOH

Nitrobenzene + 6[H] –> Phenylamine + 2H2O

Question 5

What functional group do amides have?

Answer 5

-CONH2-

Question 6

Amides are derivatives of what?

Answer 6

Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acids.

OH group is replaced by NH2

Question 7

What functional groups do amino acids have?

Answer 7

Basic amino group (NH2) and an acidic carboxyl group (COOH).

Question 8

What is the general formula for amino acids?

Answer 8

RCH(NH2)COOH

Question 9

How can amino acids from esters?

Reagant?

Answer 9

The carboxylic group reacts with an alcohol in the presence of a strong acid catalyst (H2SO4) Wto form an ester.

Question 10

What are the 2 types of polymerisation?

Answer 10

Addition and Condensation.

Question 11

How does addition polymerisation occur?

Answer 11

The double bond in alkenes opens up and molecules join together to form long chains.

Question 12

How does condensation polymerisation occur?

Answer 12

Functional group on one monomer reacts with a group on the other monomer to form a link, creating the polymer chain.
A small molecule is lost (usually H2O)

Question 13

What link occurs in polyesters?

Answer 13

Ester link -COO-

Question 14

What link occurs in polyamides?

Answer 14

Amide link -CONH-

Question 15

How can condensation polymerisation be reversed?

Answer 15

Reversed by hydrolysis - water molecules are added and links are broken.

Question 16

What 2 monomers join to form polyamides?

Answer 16

Dicarboxylic acids and Diamines.

Question 17

What 2 monomers join to form polyesters?

Answer 17

Dicarboxylic acids and Diols.

Question 18

What is a benefit of refluxing?

Answer 18

Reagants aren’t lost as the vapours are condensed and recycled back into the flask. This gives them time to react..

Question 19

What is a problem of refluxing?

Answer 19

It can cause the desired product to react further.

Question 20

How can you purify an organic product that is solid?

Answer 20

Recrystallisation.
Add a hot solvent to the impure solid until it just dissolves.
Solution is left to cool down.
Crystals of the product form.
Impurities stay in the solution.
Crystals are removed by filtration and washed.

Question 21

How can you separate an organic solid from any liquid impurities?

Answer 21

Filter it under reduced pressure.
Reaction mixture is poure into a funnel with a piece of filter paper in it.
A vaccuum line is connected, causing the reduced pressure.
Causes suction through the funnel, making the liquid pass into the funnel, leaving behind dry crystals