Module 6 - Key Terms - Part 1 Flashcards

Question

Agreement

Answer 1

Agreement is the document that legally obligates the signing parties. It binds the documents together firmly and permanently, while allowing for the addition of modifications. The agreement defines relationships and obligations between the signers and incorporates, by reference, all of the other documents that make up the contract documents. (PDPG 5.4, CSPG 5.1)

Answer 2

Agreement is a legal instrument executed by the Owner and the Contractor binding the parties to the terms of the contract. The agreement defines the relationships and obligations between Owner and Contractor. It incorporates all other contract documents by reference. (PDPG 5.4)

Answer 3

Agreement is the written document signed by each party and is the legal instrument binding the parties to the contract. The agreement defines the relationships and obligations existing between the parties. By reference the agreement includes all other contract documents, such as the drawings and specifications. (PDPG 5.4)

Answer 4

Several organizations have standard agreement forms that are compatible with their respective contract conditions and are tailored to specific types of project delivery and basis of payment. (PDPG 5.7)

Answer 5

The standard agreement forms and conditions of the contract contain wording that has been interpreted and adjudicated, and any modifications should be made with caution. (CSPG 5.4)

Answer 6

Authorities Having Jurisdiction. These authorities include building code officials, zoning officials, inspectors, and regulatory agencies. (CSPG 14.2)

Answer 7

“Authorities Having Jurisdiction” Acronym established (CAPG pg. 1, Spec PG 14.2) The project type and location often determine which authorities have jurisdiction over a project. Often multiple agencies have jurisdiction over a project. For instance, a project located within the city limits may be governed by the city building department, but the county health department, state fire marshal, and state elevator inspectors may also have jurisdiction. The AHJs do not have contractual relationships with the project participants but have regulatory authority granted by the permit process and local, state, and federal regulations and laws. Partial or final occupancy of a facility usually requires passing multiple inspections by the authorities having jurisdiction over the project. (CAPG 2.6 pg. 31). Federal, state, county, and city authorities oversee the safety and welfare of the public they serve. In doing so, they verify that code and ordinance requirements have been met. The AHJs usually perform reviews of the contract documents before issuing permits. They verify that the regulatory requirements are being met by performing building, mechanical, electrical, elevator, fire, life safety, health, zoning, accessibility, and critical structural inspections at the project site. (CAPG 6.5 pg. 111)

Answer 8

American Institute of Architects.(CSPG 1.4.1)

Answer 9

Instructions to bidders. (CSPG 9.3.3)

Answer 10

Coordinate graphic and written construction documents. Requirements from other sources must be identified, including those imposed by regulatory agencies. It is advisable to prepare a checklist of code requirements and local conditions. AIA Document D200, Project Checklist, may be helpful in compiling this information. (CSPG 1.10.12)

Answer 11

These forms can be used to obtain information from the Owner or the Owner’s insurance adviser, for the type of construction contract, insurance, and bonds. (CSPG 1.10.2)

Answer 12

Protection from loss arising out of any fortuitous cause other than those perils or causes specifically excluded by name. This is in contrast to other policies that name the peril or perils insured against. Refer to named peril. (PDPG 11.3.20.1)

Answer 13

An allowance is a specified monetary sum or a specified quantity of work not otherwise defined by the specifications and drawings, but which the Contractor is required to include in the bid or price. The Contractor is asked to submit prices for work items that are undetermined at the time of bidding, but will be determined after the agreement has been executed. Two common allowance types are: Cash Allowance and Quantity Allowance. (PDPG 11.3.10.4, CSPG 7.4.1, CPRPG 6.6.1)

Answer 14

Allowances may be used when certain design decisions have not been made and when quantities or unknowns cannot be determined prior to the start of work. Allowances are typically cash allowances or quantity allowances. (CSPG 7.5.2)

Answer 15

A defined portion of the work that is priced separately and thus provides an option for the Owner in determining the final scope of the project. The alternate provides the Owner with a choice between different products or it can define the addition or deletion of a portion of the work. An alternate is something that is named for which alternative pricing is requested. (PDPG 11.3.10.5, CPRPG 6.6.1)

Answer 16

Alternates should identify each alternate and describe the changes of work included in each. (CSPG 7.7)

Answer 17

When the extent of work is contingent upon the funds available, certain provisions may be necessary to obtain costs for specific portions of the work. These portions of the work can be defined as alternates that will permit separate costs to be determined. After a project is bid, the extent of work can be adjusted based upon the alternate bids and the Owner’s priorities. Alternates are optional work items that may or may not be made part of the contracted work. (PDPG 11.3.10.5)

Answer 18

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) provisions can prevent a single party from initiating litigation and provide a suitable method for economically and expeditiously addressing disputes. (PDPG 13.11.4 CCAPG 10.5.3)

Answer 19

General Conditions of the Contract for Construction. (CSPG 14.2)

Answer 20

Most contracts specifically stipulate the requirements for preparation and delivery of the application for payment. The Contractor needs to clearly understand the requirements for submitting an application for payment and follow procedures correctly, so that payment is not delayed. Most contracts require that a schedule of values be submitted to the architect/engineer (A/E) for approval prior to the first application for payment. It is not uncommon for the Contractor to be required to submit an updated construction progress schedule, test reports, material certifications, and other accompanying information as a prerequisite for payment (CAPG pg. 214, PDPG 13.12.1; PDPG 13.12.7, CCAPG 11.1)

Answer 21

Unless requested to do so without one, product representatives should not make a presentation without an appointment. (CPRPG 2.15.2)

Answer 22

Approved as Noted (Submittal) is approved, provided modifications noted are properly incorporated. Resubmission is not usually necessary. (CCAPG 5.6)

Answer 23

Design professionals (including architects, engineers, specifiers, planners, programmers, and specialty consultants) act as a team to provide planning, design, and construction administration services for the project. (CPRPG 4.2)

Answer 24

These instructions or orders do not require an executed change order because neither the contract sum or time is affected and, therefore, they do not require the signature of the Owner or the Contractor. (CAPG 8.2.1.4 pg. 153)

Answer 25

A major subject within a PART of a section consisting of one or more related Paragraphs. (CSPG Figure 4.3, SectionFormat, Page 4, PageFormat, Page 4)

Answer 26

American Society of Civil Engineers. (CSPG 1.4.1)

Answer 27

American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning. (CSPG 1.4.1)

Answer 28

American Society of Mechanical Engineers. (CSPG 1.4.1)

Answer 29

At-Risk CMc is sometimes called “at-risk” construction management because the CMc is responsible for the completed project and bears the financial risk in the same manner as a Contractor. See also CMc. (PDPG 7.4.4)

Answer 30

Attributes (Performance) are the means by which performance characteristics are identified. An attribute can be defined as a characteristic of performance. There are three essential considerations of an attribute: Requirements, Criteria, and Tests. (PDPG 10.5.2.1 Spec PG fig. 12.5)

Answer 31

Federal, state, county, and city authorities oversee the safety and welfare of the public they serve. In doing so, they verify that code and ordinance requirements have been met. The AHJs usually perform reviews of the contract documents before issuing permits. They verify that the regulatory requirements are being met by performing building, mechanical, electrical, elevator, fire, life safety, health, zoning, accessibility, and critical structural inspections at the project site. (PDPG 2.2.7 Spec PG 14.2 CCAPG 6.5)

Answer 32

Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) including building code officials, zoning officials, inspectors, and regulatory agencies, protect the public’s health, safety, and welfare by administering laws, codes, and other regulations governing the project. (PDPG 2.2.7 Spec PG 14.2, CPRPG 4.2)

Answer 33

The liability for operation of owned or non-owned automobiles, including rented or hired vehicles, is generally secured through a business automobile coverage form. (PDPG 11.3.20.2 Spec PG 17.3.3)

Answer 34

Available Information available to bidders regarding subsurface and existing conditions includes geotechnical reports, soil boring data, hazardous materials reports, descriptions of the site, resource drawings of existing buildings, and property survey information. (PDPG 11.4.5)

Answer 35

The formal acceptance of the terms of negotiation by the participants. (PDPG 12.8.3, CPRPG 8.7)

Answer 36

A bar chart is a graphic display of major activities in the form of bars overlaid on a calendar. (PDPG 6.8 CCAPG 3.4.8 (fig. 3.8))

Answer 37

Many manufacturers provide data and other informational sheets that can be included to illustrate the products being used as the basis of design in the project. (CSPG 1.9.2)

Answer 38

The three bases of payment are: Stipulated sum, Unit Price, and Cost-plus fee, and Cost-plus fee with guaranteed maximum price. (PDPG 13.12.3 Spec PG 5.2 CCAPG 11.3)

Answer 39

Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability

Answer 40

Bid states the price that the bidder will charge to perform the work and possibly the length of time to complete the project. (PDPG 11.4; PDPG 12.7)

Answer 41

Bid is an offer to perform a contract for work and labor or supply materials or goods at a specific price. A bid is a response to a solicitation such as an invitation to bid or an advertisement for bid. (PDPG 11.4; PDPG 12.7)

Answer 42

The purpose of the bid bond is to protect the Owner from losing the benefit of an accepted bid. Issuance of a bid bond commits the bidder to enter into a contract and, if required, provide performance and payment bonds. The bid bond is provided by the bidder at the time of bid and is submitted with the bid. The bid bond generally provides for a penal amount expressed either in dollars or as a percentage of the total amount of the bid. In the event that the selected bidder fails or refuses to enter into a contract for the price that was bid, the surety is obligated to pay the Owner's damages, up to the penal amount of the bid bond. (PDPG 11.3.19.4 Spec PG 16.7)

Answer 43

Bid Depository system receives subcontractor bids for identified units of work. The units of work are usually significant parts of the total project. These sub-bids, depending on location, are then either analyzed by the client agency with the selected sub-bids assigned to the general Contractor, or the sub-bids may simply be deposited for delivery to the prime bidders. (PDPG 12.7.1.12, CPRPG 8.4.1.12)

Answer 44

The bid process requires a bid form that is prepared as a document that the bidder will submit to the Owner. It contains blank spaces completed by the bidder and a place for the bidder’s signature (and for the seal of corporate entities) to indicate that the bidder agrees to all provisions. (PDPG 11.4.6.1)

Answer 45

Being included on a Contractor’s bid list is an appropriate way to stay informed on projects. Many Contractors maintain bid lists that contain information on product representatives and their products. When a set of documents goes out to bid, the Contractor usually refers to the bid list and contacts product representatives who may have an interest in bidding the project. (CPRPG 2.10)

Answer 46

Bid Security guarantees that if a bid is accepted within the specified time, the bidder will enter into a formal agreement with the Owner (usually 30 to 90 days from the opening of the bids) and will furnish the required construction performance and construction payment bonds. The purpose of the bid security is to compensate the Owner for damages incurred if the selected bidder does not accept the contract award. (PDPG 11.4.3.1)

Answer 47

Bid Shopping is the practice of revealing the sub-bid of one subcontractor to negotiate with another subcontractor to lower the cost for specific trades on a project. It occurs during the bidding/pricing process, following award of a prime contract, or both, when provisions restricting the practice are not included in bidding documents. (PDPG 7.2.6; PDPG 12.7.1.10; PDPG 12.10.3, CPRPG 8.6.3)

Answer 48

Bid Solicitation fall into two categories: invitations to bid and advertisements to bid. (PDPG 12.7.2.6)

Answer 49

Under the bidding process, the successful bidder is one of the several bidders (Contractors) whose bid was the lowest responsive price. (PDPG 12.7.2.7)

Answer 50

Bidding Documents used to obtain pricing from prospective Contractors are referred to as the procurement documents. In a competitive bidding process the documents are referred to as bidding documents. (PDPG 12.7.1.4)

Answer 51

See Procurement Requirements

Answer 52

In a design-bid-build project, the link between design and execution of a project is an agreement between the Owner and Contractor. This is most often achieved through competitive bidding by an open or limited field of competitive bidders or through the process of negotiation with a prequalified Contractor. The bidding/negotiating/purchasing stage allows the prospective Contractor to examine bidding documents, visit the site, request clarifications and interpretations, propose substitutions, and, finally, prepare a bid or price for executing the work. The A/E’s responsibilities include responding to requests for information or clarifications, evaluating proposed substitutions, and issuing addenda to document changes made during the bidding/negotiating period. Acceptance of the Contractor’s bid or negotiated sum and other conditions will result in award of a contract and commencement of work. (PDPG 3.4.5)

Answer 53

The transition from the design to the construction stage of a project is the bidding/negotiating/purchasing stage. During this stage, Owners make the proposed construction documents available to prospective Contractors, through either direct selection or open solicitation. The prospective Contractors assemble, calculate, and formally present to the Owner their prices to complete the project described in the procurement documents. Construction prices become the financial basis of the contract for construction. (PDPG 12.1)

Answer 54

Bidding Participants common to public and private competitive bidding include the Owner, A/E, prospective Contractors, prospective subcontractors and suppliers. (CPRPG 8.4.1.1)

Answer 55

Building Information Modeling (BIM) uses computer programs to document facility design, to simulate construction, and to simulate facility operation. BIM is more than 3D modeling of facilities and components with the traditional information typically found in contract drawings. A BIM database can be an intelligence-rich model that allows extraction of graphical and data information. BIM is beginning to incorporate some traditional specification and product-specific information into the model. For example, a BIM database may contain information on doors at the specific door location. The door may be identified by size, type (metal, wood, aluminum, and glass), fire rating, finish, and hardware set. BIM allows design and construction team members to collaboratively embed intelligence into the model in order for personnel to concentrate on design and problem-solving tasks while allowing the computer to perform tasks such as quantity take-offs for cost estimating or product ordering, clash detection, scheduling, and quality assurance. (CAPG 1.3.2.6 pg. 9-10)

Answer 56

Upon demand for arbitration the parties to the contract select a neutral arbitrator or panel of arbitrators, and the matter is submitted for a decision. The method is very similar to litigation, but offers more expeditious resolution. (CCAPG 10.5.4)

Answer 57

Binding Dispute Resolution may be stipulated in the contract documents, whereby both parties agree to resolve disputes by the specified method and to honor the findings and award, usually without appeal. When a binding method of ADR is indicated, most judicial jurisdictions do not allow the parties to litigate a dispute. (CAPG 10.5.4 pg. 210)

Answer 58

Boiler and Machinery Insurance against loss arising from the operation of boilers and machinery. May cover loss suffered by the boilers and machinery itself or include damage done to other property and business interruption losses. (Spec PG 17.4.2)

Answer 59

See Bid Bond

Answer 60

A performance bond provides a guaranty that if the Contractor defaults or fails to perform, the surety will either complete the contract in accordance with its terms or provide sufficient funds up to the penal amount for such completion. A payment bond provides a guaranty that subcontractor, material suppliers, and others providing labor, material goods, and services to the project will be paid. (PDPG 11.3.19 Spec PG Chapter 18)

Answer 61

The A/E must understand and account for the Owner’s financial requirements and design the project accordingly. During each phase, the A/E may continuously evaluate design and budget to ensure they remain in agreement. (CPRPG 6.3.6)

Answer 62

Builder’s Risk Insurance covers losses during the construction phase arising from the insured risks of fire, windstorm, collapse, and theft. The policy is designed to cover all property that has been or will be incorporated into the project. Builder’s risk insurance is available in a named peril or an all-risk type policy. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.4.1)

Answer 63

Builder’s Risk Insurance indemnifies for loss of or damage to a building under construction from specified perils. Insurance is normally written for a specified amount on the building and applies only in the course of construction. Coverage usually includes fire and extended coverage and vandalism and malicious mischief coverage. Builder’s risk coverage can be extended to an all- risk form as well. The builder’s risk policy also may include coverage for items in transit to the construction site (up to a certain percentage of value) as well as items stored at the site. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.4.1)

Answer 64

Business Interruption Insurance is loss-of-use insurance that protects against loss caused by the inability to occupy and use the project because of damage resulting from a covered peril. This coverage is available for a variety of risks, including fire, and can include compensation for additional business expense and for the rental of substitute facilities. (PDPG 11.3.20.3 Spec PG 17.4.4)

Answer 65

Building Codes are minimum requirements for design and construction of new or remodeled structures, with an emphasis on buildings. Design documents must demonstrate compliance with those requirements. (PDPG 4.3, CPRPG 6.3.1.2)

Answer 66

Building Information Modeling (BIM) are systems and programs developed to incorporate building models and objects into three-dimensional representations of the project. (CSPG 10.3)

Answer 67

Building Maintenance Equipment Consultant Design Team - \* Is responsible for determining how the exterior wall will be accessed for maintenance, such as window washing and selecting the equipment \* May prepare construction drawings and specifications \* May participate in construction administration (PDPG 2.3.19)

Answer 68

**Building Transportation Consultant** Design Team * Is responsible for performing traffic studies and selecting the equipment for elevators, escalators, moving walks, and dumbwaiters * May prepare construction drawings and specifications * May participate in construction administration (PDPG 2.3.16)

Answer 69

The procedures for purchasing are similar to bidding and negotiating. Public Owners are required to obtain goods at the most competitive price available at the time the purchase is made. Therefore public Owners (hereinafter referred to as buyers) solicit purchasing proposals by legal advertisement and distribute documents to prospective supplying Contractors (hereinafter referred to as sellers). Private buyers also need to purchase goods and special services at competitive prices. (PDPG 12.9.1)

Answer 70

Buyer is anyone who purchases a product for incorporation in the construction project. (CPRPG 2.18.1)

Answer 71

Buyout is one of the Contractor’s preconstruction activities between award of the contract and the actual start of construction. Buyout can and often does extend past the start of construction, but the majority of these tasks are completed before it starts. During buyout, the Contractor issues subcontracts, supply contracts, and purchase orders for the work to be done. Any final negotiating with suppliers and subcontractors is also done during buyout. (CAPG 3.1.2 pg. 38, CPRPG 9.7.1.2)

Answer 72

Computer-Aided Drafting

Answer 73

CAD Layer Guidelines provide a hierarchical organization for describing drawing layers. The user can identify or name layers on the basis of the level of detail provided in each drawing layer. The guidelines define four data fields within layer names: Discipline Designator, major group, minor groups, status. (PDPG 11.2.7.2)

Answer 74

Computer-Aided Design & Drafting

Answer 75

Working days and calendar days are the two most common methods of establishing contract time. See also Time. (CCAPG 3.4.8.13)

Answer 76

Visiting an A/E, Contractor, or Owner to introduce a new product or update product information is referred to as a call. (CPRPG 2.16)

Answer 77

A monetary sum that the bidder includes as part of the contract sum to account for certain items to be determined at a later time. (PDPG 8.14.2.1, CPRPG 6.6.2)

Answer 78

Codes, Covenants and Restrictions

Answer 79

CCB Administered by the National Institute of Building Science (NIBS), and found on the Whole Building Design Guide web site (www.wbdg.org/references/docs\_refs.php), the CCB was developed for electronic dissemination of specifications, technical manuals, standards, electronic details, and other documents. Use of the CCB is intended to improve the quality of construction, decrease overlap and conflicts that exist among criteria, speed introduction of new technology into the construction process, and improve dissemination of design and construction information. (PDPG 11.3.17.5)

Answer 80

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

Answer 81

An important item to be submitted with the Contractor’s notice of substantial completion is evidence that AHJs, such as the building official, have completed their required inspections and the project meets their requirements. Evidence is often in the form of a certificate of occupancy issued by the AHJ. This evidence may also be in the form of signed-off permits, a temporary certificate of occupancy, or some other written format used by the AHJ. (CAPG 12.3.7.1 pg. 244)

Answer 82

The A/E prepares the certificate of substantial completion. This certificate includes the date of substantial completion, identification of the substantially complete portion of the project, and responsibilities of the Contractor and the Owner for utilities, maintenance, security, insurance, and damage to the project. The certificate of substantial completion also includes the specified time limit for the Contractor to complete outstanding items of work. (PDPG 13.13.3.6 CCAPG 12.3.7.5 (fig. 12.3 & 12.4))

Answer 83

The date of substantial completion is established by the A/E and documented by the issuance of a certificate of substantial completion. The certificate of substantial completion is prepared by the A/E and signed by the A/E, Contractor, and Owner. (PDPG 14.1.2.5)

Answer 84

Certificates may be required to certify quality or characteristics of materials, quality of fabrication, or quality of installation. Certifications may be required to attest to the performance and quality of a fabricated item or system. The specifications state the type of certification required, who is acceptable to certify, and when certificates need to be submitted. In most cases certifications are submitted after the work to be certified has been completed. (PDPG 11.5.3.2; PDPG 13.6.3.2; CCAPG 5.3.2.2)

Answer 85

**Certificates includes** certificates of insurance and certificates of compliance with applicable laws and regulations. (PDPG 11.1.2)

Answer 86

The Owner establishes the project requirements for insurance in consultation with legal counsel and insurance advisors. The general and supplementary conditions state the requirements. The CSI Construction Specifications Practice Guide includes a description of types of insurance. (PDPG 13.4.4, CCAPG 3.4.1 fig. 3.4 & 3.5, CPRPG 9.7.4.1)

Answer 87

Certifications may be required to verify that performance is equivalent to that of tested units or specified criteria. Certifications may also be required by AHJs. (CSPG 1.8.4)

Answer 88

To certify means to attest in writing or orally to the validity or contract compliance of an item; to assert as a matter of fact. (PDPG 13.3.2 CCAPG 2.2)

Answer 89

A construction change directive is a means of ordering changes in the work when the Owner and Contractor have not agreed upon the proposed changes in contract sum or time. With a construction change directive, the Owner may, without invalidating the contract, order changes in the work within the general scope of the contract consisting of additions, deletions, or other revisions, the contract sum or contract time being adjusted accordingly. A construction change directive is used in the absence of total agreement on the terms of a change order. (PDPG 13.9.2.3 Spec PG 9.5.2)

Answer 90

Direct the Contractor to make a change to the project before the Owner and Contractor have agreed upon the proposed changes in contract sum or time. Change directives are used in the absence of an agreement between the Owner and the Contractor on the terms of a change order or when the value of a change cannot be determined until after the work is performed. The change directive may or may not affect the contract sum or time; however, the change directive serves as notice that the change will be incorporated in a change order once the value of the work is established. (PDPG 13.9.2.3 Spec PG 9.5.2 CCAPG 8.2.1.5, CPRPG 9.12.2.2.5)

Answer 91

Change Orders are modifications issued after the agreement is executed. (PDPG 13.9.2.4)

Answer 92

Change Order Request may be used by the Contractor to initiate proposed changes that the Contractor deems necessary. (PDPG 13.9.2.4 CCAPG 8.2.1.3 (fig. 8.5, 8.6, 8.7))

Answer 93

A change order is a written instruction to the Contractor issued after execution of the agreement. It authorizes an addition, deletion, or revision to the project in consideration of an adjustment in the contract sum, contract time, or both. A change order is used for changes to the contract documents that affect contract sum or time. A principle of most standard general conditions is that only the Owner has authority to execute a change order. The term execute, as used here, means an Owner authorization for the change order. (PDPG 13.9.2.4; CSPG 9.5.1 CAPG 8.2.1.6 pg. 158, CPRPG 9.12.2.2.6)

Answer 94

**Civil Engineer** Design Team - Is responsible for the technical and engineering design of the site for the following: * Improvements, such as streets, roads, paving, plazas, and retaining walls * Service utilities, such as water, sewer, energy, communications, and storm drainage * Shaping the topography of the land, such as earthwork, cut and fill grading * Provides construction drawings and specifications * Participates in construction administration (PDPG 2.3.2)

Answer 95

Claim is a request for compensation for dealing with a situation that differs materially from what was anticipated by the parties at the time of entering into the contract. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 CCAPG 10.1)

Answer 96

Claim is used in reference to insurance, a claim may be a demand by an individual or corporation to recover, under a policy of insurance, for loss that may come within that policy. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7, CPRPG 9.14.2)

Answer 97

Commonly used to refer to a party who files a claim against the bond. This could be the Owner or a subcontractor or supplier seeking recovery under the payment bond. (Spec PG 16.2)

Answer 98

Policies written under a claims-made basis will cover claims made (reported or filed) during the year the policy is in force for any incidents that may occur that year or during any previous period the policyholder was insured under the claims-made contract. This form of coverage is in contrast to the occurrence policy that covers today’s incident regardless of when a claim is filed, even one or more years later. (PDPG 11.3.20.2 Spec PG 17.7)

Answer 99

Clarifications and proposals include documents initiating changes or clarifications that have not been incorporated into the contract by formal contract modifications. These documents include requests and proposals. (PDPG 11.1.2)

Answer 100

A portion of a UniFormat project manual covering one or more segments of the work. Equivalent to a MasterFormat section, only those classes used are included. (Spec PG 4.2.2.1)

Answer 101

Clean Water Act is a federal policy that affects design and construction by controlling the amount and type of pollutants that may be discharged into public waterways. (PDPG 4.4.2)

Answer 102

Clear, Concise, Complete, Correct (The four C’s) (CPRPG 7.3)

Answer 103

Only those bidders that have been prequalified, preselected, or invited by the Owner may submit bids. (PDPG 7.2.2)

Answer 104

Closed Proprietary Specifications do not allow for substitutions (PDPG 11.3.6.4; Spec PG 3.1, CPRPG 7.2.4.1)

Answer 105

At or near completion of a project, a number of submittals are processed, including: Written notices of substantial and final completion (prepared by the Contractor) and delivered to the A/E, indicating when the Contractor believes these milestones are reached; Final application for payment; Record documents (shop drawings, record drawings and specifications, addenda, change orders, field orders, photographs); O&M data; Spare parts and maintenance materials; Certificates of payment; Release of liens and waiver of debts and claims; Consent of surety to final payment; Special warranties; Keying. (CCAPG 5.4, CPRPG 10.3.1)

Answer 106

At or near completion of a project, a number of submittals are processed, including: (PDPG 13.6.3.3 pg. 406) * O&M data * Bonds * Special warranties * Record documents (shop drawings, record drawings and specifications, addenda, change orders, field orders, photographs) * Spare parts and maintenance materials (sometimes called attic stock) * Keying

Answer 107

Closeout Procedures/Meeting is used to review requirements for the completion of the contract and to obtain submittal of the necessary final documents. Separate meetings may be required for substantial completion, final completion, and warranty reviews. Review of closeout procedures at the initial progress meeting or preconstruction meeting is recommended. (CAPG 4.2.5 (See list this page), CPRPG 9.8.2.5)

Answer 108

Construction Management as Adviser (CPRPG Fig 2.1c)

Answer 109

Construction Management Association of America

Answer 110

Construction Manager as Contractor

Answer 111

**Code Consultant** Design Team - (PDPG 2.3.12) \*Advises, assists, makes recommendations, and evaluates the design for compliance with the applicable building codes \*Assists with obtaining permits from AHJs

Answer 112

Codes specify minimum requirements for the design and construction of new and renovated buildings for the safety of persons and the protection of property. Building codes are developed and maintained by model code-writing organizations. (PDPG 4.3)

Answer 113

Army Corp of Engineers

Answer 114

Cold Call occurs when a product representative makes an unsolicited visit to a contact. (CPRPG 2.16.1)

Answer 115

Collaboration is another term reflecting the need to cooperatively work together. Collaboration may simply be people working together as a team. (CPRPG 5.5.6)

Answer 116

Combined Bid Requirements for public projects with multiple-prime Contractors often include provisions for combined bidding to reduce project management and coordination cost. The bid form is structured to allow bidders to submit bids for more than one major category of work with the potential for cost savings and reduced administrative burdens on the participants. If a combined bid is lower than the aggregate of individual bids, a combined contract can be awarded. (PDPG 12.7.2.4)

Answer 117

The terms comprehensive general liability and commercial general liability are both used to describe broad-based liability insurance. Most general liability policies were and are written on an occurrence type coverage. (Spec PG 17.3.2)

Answer 118

Commercial Master Guide Specifications is designed to accommodate a variety of construction types, geographic locations, code jurisdictions, and client types. There are several producers of full-length commercially available master guide specifications including American Institute of Architects (AIA), ARCOM (Architectural Computer Services, Inc.), MASTERSPEC, Construction Sciences Research Foundation (CSRF) SPECTEXT and Building Systems Design (BSD) SpecLink. (CSPG 10.6)

Answer 119

The Owner engages an agent to ensure that the Owner’s defined requirements are achieved and the completed facility functions in compliance with the contract documents. (CPRPG 4.2)

Answer 120

Commissioning Authority may be hired by the Owner to help ensure that the completed facility, or portions thereof, meet the Owner’s requirements. The commissioning authority may be involved in total project commissioning or may be limited to building systems commissioning. (CAPG 2.8 pg. 31-32) The role of the commissioning authority during project closeout varies, depending on the provisions of the commissioning authority’s contract with the Owner. At one end of the spectrum, the total facility commissioning authority may be responsible for verifying compliance with Owner requirements, reviewing systems, equipment start-up, and operational testing. At the other end of the spectrum, the building system commissioning authority may be responsible only for operational testing of one or more systems. (CAPG 12.3.5 pg. 241)

Answer 121

Identifies process and requirements for facility, system, and component operation testing and checkout. (CSPG 1.8.3)

Answer 122

**Commissioning** process is defined by the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air- Conditioning Engineers as a method to improve the delivery of a process. Focusing on quality, the method includes making sure that all components of the building are planned, installed, and maintained according the Owner’s requirements. The total project commissioning and total building commissioning goes beyond normal verification of mechanical and electrical system performance and includes the entire project or building. (PDPG 2.8)

Answer 123

There are two basic types of commissioning: total project commissioning and systems and equipment commissioning. Total project commissioning, also referred to as total facility commissioning, begins during project conception and continues through facility management and use. Total project commissioning documents the Owner’s facility criteria and verifies that the criteria are achieved and that the facility is placed into proper operation. System and equipment commissioning includes detailed operational testing, adjusting, and training of specific systems or equipment to ensure their readiness for use in the occupied facility. (PDPG 14.1.2.6)

Answer 124

Commodities can be defined as goods that can be uniformly and consistently produced by various manufacturers with the same predetermined quality. Materials become commodities when they are specified without a specific manufacturer being named, and material from any manufacturer will be acceptable. (PDPG 10.2.2, CPRPG 6.4)

Answer 125

A manufacturer or fabricator has the option of developing and imposing a standard for their production that is more restrictive than a traditional or commonly used standard developed by other organizations. (PDPG 4.6.2)

Answer 126

Competitive Bidding is the most effective method of determining the least cost for constructing the work that is described and defined by the bidding documents. Competitive bidding creates an environment where bidders at every level, Contractor, subcontractor, and supplier, must carefully and seriously consider every aspect of their bid in the attempt to be awarded the work by providing a lower price than any of the other bidders. A bid states, or stipulates, the price the bidder will charge to perform the work (including overhead and profit) and may, if requested by the bidding documents, include the length of time required to complete the work. The project design is developed and bidding documents prepared by the A/E for the Owner that are then made available to bidders. (PDPG 7.2.2)

Answer 127

In competitive bidding, prospective Contractors are invited to prepare and submit bids stating, in a specified format, the sum of money required to construct the project. It is a method of determining the lowest cost for accomplishing work defined by the procurement documents. The objective of bidding is to ensure that the cost of the project is reasonable and consistent with prevailing conditions in the construction industry. (PDPG 12.7.1)

Answer 128

Competitive Price (that is, a low, yet fully considered price) represents an accurate analysis of the project, without underestimating or overestimating any applicable factor. (CPRPG 8.2.5)

Answer 129

A form of liability insurance that provides coverage for bodily injury and property damage arising out of the operations that have been completed or abandoned provided the accident occurs away from the premises owned or rented by the insured (PDPG 11.3.20.1)

Answer 130

"Time is of the essence” is a key element of the agreement and may be an over- riding factor for completion. The time available is generally established by Owner in the project schedule developed during project conception. The amount of time for completion may be expressed in agreements in terms of calendar date(s) or a specific quantity of days. Days are usually defined in the conditions of the contract as calendar days. (PDPG 7.1.5)

Answer 131

CSI offers a program to review guide specifications for compliance with CSI recommendations and standards. (CPRPG 7.2.5)

Answer 132

The terms comprehensive general liability and commercial general liability are both used to describe broad-based liability insurance. Most general liability policies were and are written on an occurrence type coverage. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.3.2)

Answer 133

A broad form of liability insurance usually covering business organizations to protect them against liability claims for bodily injury and property damage arising from operations, products and completed operations, and independent Contractors, but excluding coverage for liability arising from the use of automobiles (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)

Answer 134

This term applies to a variety of policies that provide broad protection. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)

Answer 135

Concealed Conditions are conditions that are not documented or that could not have been observed at the site at the time of the pricing. These conditions may include: Subsurface soil conditions materially different from those represented in a geotechnical report; Concealed conditions uncovered during construction (PDPG 13.11.1.1 CCAPG 8.2.2.2)

Answer 136

Conditions of the Contract consist of the general conditions and the supplementary conditions. The conditions of the contract mirror responsibilities dictated in the Owner-A/E agreement and the Owner-Contractor agreement. Of all the documents used in construction, the conditions of the contract most clearly establish the responsibilities for CCA and Contractor project management. The conditions of the contract identify the basic rights, procedural and contractual responsibilities, and relationships between the parties involved in the performance of the contract. (PDPG 11.5.4.2, CSPG 6.1 CAPG 3.3.1.3 pg. 46)

Answer 137

Conditions of the Contract define basic rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the parties involved in the performance of the contract. Conditions of the contract consist of: General Conditions and Supplementary Conditions. (PDPG 11.5.4.2, CSPG 6.1)

Answer 138

Conditions of the Contract Standards are incorporated by reference into the specifications and thus become commonly known as reference standards. They are published by trade associations, professional societies, standards-writing organizations, governments, and institutional organizations. (CSPG 6.1)

Answer 139

Conditions of the Contract are broad clauses that define the basic rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the entities associated in the construction of a project. General conditions have wide applicability to almost all projects and are available as standardized documents that are prepared by various professional societies. Supplementary conditions modify the requirements of the general conditions when necessary to fit the needs of a specific project. (PDPG 11.5.4.2, CSPG 6.1)

Answer 140

A variation of a company standard is a group of manufacturers of the same or similar product voluntarily agreeing to be bound to a standard developed by a consensus of the manufacturers. (PDPG 4.6.2)

Answer 141

Constructability Review is a review of the design to determine if it is practical to construct with the means, methods, and products available at the proposed time of construction, within the Owner’s budget, and within the proposed time requirements for the project. (PDPG 8.6, CPRPG 6.3.5)

Answer 142

**Construction Administrator (Architect)** Design Team - * Administers the construction contract * Works with the Owner and Contractors during construction * Generates and/or processes change orders, supplemental instructions, and change requests * Reviews submittals, observes the work, responds to questions, and interprets the construction documents * Reviews Contractor’s applications for payment and requests for substitutions * May have limited decision -making power about the project design (PDPG 2.3.1.10)

Answer 143

Construction Budget usually accounts for the biggest portion of the project budget. It includes the cost of bonds, insurance, products and systems, and labor both to construct the facility and to verify and administer the construction process (e.g., materials testing and inspection). (PDPG 6.7.3)

Answer 144

AIA Document G714, Construction Change Directive, and EJCDC C-940, Work Change Directive, direct the Contractor to make a change to the project before the Owner and Contractor have agreed upon the proposed changes in contract sum or time…The change directive is prepared by the A/E and signed by both the A/E and the Owner. (CAPG 8.2.1.5 pg. 153)

Answer 145

Construction Change Directive AIA Document G714, Construction Change Directive, and EJCDC C-940, Work Change Directive, direct the Contractor to make a change to the project before the Owner and Contractor have agreed upon the proposed changes in contract sum or time. Change directives are used in the absence of an agreement between the Owner and the Contractor on the terms of a change order or when the value of a change cannot be determined until after the work is performed. The change directive may or may not affect the contract sum or time; however, the change directive serves as notice that the change will be incorporated in a change order once the value of the work is established. (PDPG 13.9.2.3; CSPG 9.5.2; CCAPG 8.2.1.5)

Answer 146

When either an interpretation or a modification affects contract sum or time for completion of construction, a claim may be submitted. An unresolved claim may lead to a dispute. Other factors relative to the performance of obligations by each of the parties may also give rise to unanticipated claims. Whatever the sources of construction claims may be, the success of the project depends, to a large extent, on how well the Owner, architect/engineer (A/E), and Contractor manage these claims. (CAPG 10.1 pg. 201)

Answer 147

Constructing a project requires knowledge of the numerous components as well as management skills to ensure that participants work together in harmony to complete a facility. Construction involves cost estimating, procurement, coordination of construction activities, and the physical construction. Much construction is performed by specialists in many different trades. These specialists are usually employed by a Contractor as subcontractors. (PDPG 2.4)

Answer 148

Construction is the execution of the work as required by the contract documents. (PDPG 13.1 CCAPG 1)

Answer 149

Construction Contract Administration are activities related to administering the contract for construction, typically performed by the A/E (CAPG 1.1 pg. 2) Construction contract administration begins when the agreement between the Owner and Contractor is executed and ends when final payment is accepted by the Contractor. (CAPG 1.1 Pg. 2)

Answer 150

As a member of the design team, the construction contract administrator is responsible for administering the construction contract for the A/E. This involves processing, and in some cases generating, the documents used during construction, such as change orders, construction observation reports, supplemental instructions or field orders, change proposals, and payment applications. The construction contract administrator also reviews and processes requests for interpretation, shop drawings, submittals, and substitution requests. (PDPG 2.3.1.10, CPRPG 2.6.2))

Answer 151

Construction Contract Administrator interprets, administers, and enforces the terms of a construction contract during the construction of a project (PDPG 2.3.1.10)

Answer 152

The necessary parts of a typical construction contract are as follows: The parties are identified in the contract; The parties make promises that constitute an offer; Both parties sign the contract indicating that they understand and agree to the terms and commit themselves to the offers made; Both parties receive consideration: the payment for products and work performed is the Contractor’s consideration, and beneficial use and Ownership of the project is the Owner’s consideration. The A/E and related consultants provide services which are considered differently from products; The parties to the contract have the legal authority to negotiate a contract. (PDPG 5.3)

Answer 153

This includes the estimates for the probable cost of constructing the project, including building permit fees, materials, labor, tools, and equipment, bonds, insurance, and initial maintenance agreements associated with construction. During the project conception stage, this cost is estimated. After bidding or negotiation the cost will be more clearly defined; however, the cost of construction will not be fully known until the project is completed. (PDPG 6.7.2, CPRPG 8.2.4)

Answer 154

Written construction document modifications are the means for communicating changes to the bidders or proposers during procurement and to the Contractor during construction. (CSPG 9.2)

Answer 155

Construction Documents Stage (Life Cycle) (referred to as the final design phase in engineering projects) is based on the Owner-approved design development documents and any further adjustments in the scope of the project or the project budget. During this stage the A/E prepares documents that will be used to file for permits and approvals from AHJs and to obtain prices upon which a bid or a negotiated contract can be based. (PDPG 3.4.6)

Answer 156

Construction Documents are defined as the written and graphic documents prepared or assembled by the A/E for communicating the project design for construction and administering the construction contract. Construction documents include two major types of documents: Procurement documents and contract documents. (PDPG 11.2.9.1)

Answer 157

Construction Drawings consist of contract drawings and resource drawings. Contract drawings are those that describe the work of the project. Resource drawings show existing conditions, or new construction related to the work, but are not included in the contract. Contract drawings are legally enforceable and, depending on the requirements of a project, may include drawings that show the following: Deconstruction/demolition of existing construction to be removed; Alterations of existing construction to be modified; and New construction. (PDPG 11.2.3.3)

Answer 158

Construction Management services are often provided in one of two basic forms: construction manager as constructor (CMc), sometimes known as construction manager at risk, and construction manager as adviser (CMa). (CAPG 1.4.2 pg. 13) Contractor project management should not be confused with construction management. Construction management is a delivery method. Contractor project management is managing the construction process, (CAPG 1.1 pg. 2)

Answer 159

**Construction Management** Project delivery method - Construction management involves a construction manager who can serve as an “advisor” (CMa) or perform construction as a “Contractor” (CMc). (PDPG 7.4.2)

Answer 160

**Construction Management** Project delivery method - Construction management is the process of professional management applied to a construction project from conception to completion for controlling project time, cost, and extent. (PDPG 7.4, CPRPG 5.4.3, CPRPG Fig. 5.8)

Answer 161

**Construction Management** Project delivery method - Construction management services are often provided in one of two basic forms: construction manager as Contractor (CMc) sometimes known as construction manager at risk, and construction manager as adviser (CMa). CMc is effectively the Contractor and provides Contractor project management services; guarantees the cost of construction, and signs subcontracts for most or all of the construction work. CMa usually divides the project into multiple contracts for procurement and award of contracts. CMa provides management services to the Owner and usually includes consolidating applications for payment and coordination among contracts. A construction manager may also provide construction expertise, cost estimating experience, and scheduling services to the A/E during the design stage of a project. (PDPG 7.4 CCAPG 1.4.2)

Answer 162

**Construction Manager** is an individual or a firm that is hired by the Owner to supplement the Owner’s role in the project. (PDPG 7.4)

Answer 163

An entity that typically contracts with the Owner to provide construction management services. The construction manager as agent (CMa) is employed by the Owner to act as an advisor. The construction manager as Contractor (CMc) is engaged to provide construction. The construction manager may provide construction expertise, estimating, and scheduling services. The construction manager may perform contracting, purchasing, and supervising of construction by guaranteeing the cost of the project and signing subcontracts, in which case the construction manager acts as a Contractor and not an advisor. (PDPG 7.4, CPRPG 4.2)

Answer 164

An Owner may employ a construction manager under separate contract to act as an adviser and facilitate project construction. (CPRPG 2.6.3)

Answer 165

**Construction Manager as Agent (Advisor)** Project delivery method - When a construction manager serves as agent or advisor to the Owner, the abbreviation CMa is used and the Owner maintains direct contractual relationships with the A/E as well as the Contractor(s). In standard documents from the Construction Management Association of America and some documents from the AGC, the CMa acts as the Owner’s agent and is given authority to act on the Owner’s behalf. In standard documents from the AIA, the CMa acts as an advisor and does not have the authority to act on behalf of the Owner. In either case, the CMa usually does not bear financial risk in this role. The CMa’s role is to advise the Owner on the management of the design and construction of the project. (PDPG 7.4; PDPG 7.4.3)

Answer 166

**Construction Manager as Agent (CMa)** Project delivery method - In acting as the CMa, the construction manager provides all of the CCA services typically provided by the Owner, and may provide many of the CCA services typically provided by the A/E. (PDPG 7.4; PDPG 7.4.3, CCAPG 1.4.2, CPRPG Fig. 2.1c.)

Answer 167

**Construction Manager as Agent** Project delivery method - The construction manager as agent (CMa) is employed by the Owner to act on the Owners behalf. (PDPG 7.4; PDPG 7.4.3)

Answer 168

**Construction Manager as Contractor (CMc)** Project delivery method - In this variation of construction management, the Owner first contracts with an A/E to develop the design of the project. The Owner then negotiates a contract with a CMc who generally consults with the A/E and Owner, prepares preliminary project schedule, makes recommendations for phased construction, prepares preliminary cost estimates, and, when documents are sufficiently complete, proposes a GMP and executes the construction as a Contractor. This type of construction management is sometimes called “at-risk” construction management because the CMc is responsible for the completed project and bears the financial risk in the same manner as a Contractor. (PDPG 7.4; PDPG 7.4.4, CPRPG Fig. 2.1d.))

Answer 169

**Construction Manager as Contractor** Project delivery method - The Construction Manager as Contractor (CMc) is engaged to provide construction. (PDPG 7.4; PDPG 7.4.4)

Answer 170

The specifications may require the Contractor to record the progress of the work photographically. The specifications identify the type of photo, size, finish, orientation, and identification required. The photos become a visual record of the progress of the work and are often used to resolve disputes concerning the status of the completion of the work. They are an informational submittal and are not required to be reviewed and approved by the A/E. (CCAPG 5.3.2.9)

Answer 171

The Contractor is responsible for preparing a construction progress schedule that shows the estimated start and completion dates of the major activities of the construction process. (CAPG 3.4.8 pg. 59-60)

Answer 172

The type of schedule specified for a project depends on the project requirements. The type of project delivery, extent of the project, and its contracts usually govern the degree of detail specified for the schedule. Following are the important aspects of construction progress schedules: Contract time; Milestone events and dates; Submittal review and approval dates; Coordination requirements and interrelationship of activities; Related construction activities; Lead time necessary to obtain products and equipment; Activity durations; Frequency of updates; Type of reports required, Project Costs and manpower loading (if required). (PDPG 13.10.5 CCAPG 3.4.8 (fig. 3.8), CPRPG 9.7.4.8)

Answer 173

Construction Reporting Services provide information about projects as a service to prospective project participants (PDPG 12.6.1, CPRPG 4.2)

Answer 174

Constructing a project involves significant time, money, and personnel to carry a design into physical completion as a facility. Due to this major commitment, construction services should not be taken lightly. Construction services can include estimating, scheduling, contracting, and actual construction as well as comprehensive management services, such as construction management, and project management, for complex projects. Construction of a project is performed by one or more Contractors often contracting with subcontractors. Construction management involves a construction manager who can serve as an “advisor” (CMa) or perform construction as a “Contractor (CMc) Contracting services are typically bid or negotiated and involve the construction of a design in accordance with contract documents prepared by an A/E. Design and construction services may be combined into what is known as design-build project delivery. (PDPG 13.3.3)

Answer 175

Construction traditionally begins with the execution of an Owner-Contractor agreement and is often the most demanding stage of any project. During construction, the Contractor’s responsibilities include performing the work of the project in accordance with the contract documents, including project coordination, complying with project quality provisions, submittal procedures, execution of the work, contract closeout procedures, and compliance with warranty provisions. The A/E is normally responsible for monitoring the Contractor’s compliance with the contract by reviewing submittals, providing construction observation services, evaluating proposals for contract modifications, certifying applications for payment, and making final inspections of work for contract closeout. The Owner’s responsibilities include providing information necessary for preserving the Contractor’s lien rights, furnishing surveys and legal information regarding the site, processing payments, approving contract modifications, providing Owner-furnished products or services in a timely manner, and accepting the project upon completion. (PDPG 3.4.6)

Answer 176

**Construction Stage (Life Cycle)** of the project follows the design and bidding/negotiating/purchasing (procurement) stage and precedes the Owner occupancy/facility management stage in the life cycle of a facility. Construction is a team effort that includes the Contractors, subcontractors, testing agencies, architect/engineer (A/E), consultants, Owner, and authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs), product representatives, and others, all working toward the common goal of delivering the completed facility ready for its intended use. (PDPG 3.4.6 CCAPG 1, CPRPG 9.2)

Answer 177

**Construction Stage** of a project is the process of executing the requirements of contract documents and thus providing the required quality. Contractor project management and construction contract administration CCA involve the quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) processes. (PDPG 3.4.6 CCAPG 7)

Answer 178

In the traditional D-B-B project delivery method, submittals are processed during the construction stage of a project. These submittals include: Action Submittals, Informational Submittals, Closeout Submittals and Maintenance Material Submittals. (PDPG 13.6.3 pg. 404)

Answer 179

**Construction Warranties or Guaranties** offered by Contractors which cover products and workmanship. (PDPG 11.3.18 Spec PG 15.1)

Answer 180

The person selecting, specifying, or installing the product usually requests a consultative presentation. Product representatives should answer questions specifically, and only after they are thoroughly understood. Product representatives should listen for project requirements and preferences prior to rendering assistance. (CPRPG 2.17.1)

Answer 181

All estimating requires contingencies to account for the unquantifiable effects of unknowns, such as funding sources, weather, labor and material shortages, governmental and regulatory restrictions, and construction delays related to the accurate extent of known and unknown geological conditions and hazardous materials. Budgets should include an escalation factor which relates to the time required to complete programming, design, bidding/negotiating, construction, and commissioning stages of the project. (PDPG 8.11)

Answer 182

An estimated monetary amount to account for the risk to the prospective Contractor for performing the work, including unknown physical conditions that might arise. (CPRPG 8.2.4)

Answer 183

The negotiated cost should include contingency allowances for unforeseen circumstances due to the incomplete nature of the information available at the time of negotiations. This contingency amount should be documented so that it may be returned to the Owner if not spent. (PDPG 12.4.1.2)

Answer 184

**Contract** between two or more parties represents a promise to be performed for consideration. Common law has recognized performance under such contract to be an enforceable duty. A contract may be oral or written. Oral contracts can be difficult to enforce because there is no record of the exact terms. (PDPG 5.3)

Answer 185

See Construction Contract Administration

Answer 186

**Contract Documents** are defined as the legally enforceable requirements that become part of the contract when the agreement is executed. They usually include the contracting forms, conditions of the contract, specifications, drawings, addenda, and modifications. (PDPG 11.1.2 CCAPG 8.1.1)

Answer 187

**Contract Documents** describe the proposed construction (referred to as the Work) that results from performing services, furnishing labor, and supplying and incorporating materials and equipment into the construction. Contract documents consist of both written and graphic elements and typically include the following: Contracting forms, project forms, conditions of the contract, revisions, clarification, and modifications, specifications, and contract drawings. (PDPG 11.1.2 Spec PG 6.3)

Answer 188

**Contract Documents** are listed and enumerated in the agreement and referred to in the conditions of the contract for the work to be performed. They are the documents that are a legal part of the contract and describe the work. The contract documents describe the proposed construction (referred to as the Work) that results from performing services, furnishing labor, and supplying and incorporating materials and equipment into the construction. Contract documents consist of both written and graphic elements and typically include the following: Contracting requirements; Specifications; and Contract drawings. (PDPG 11.1.2 Spec PG 5.4 CCAPG 1.3.1)

Answer 189

**Contract Documents** enumerates the graphic and written documents (drawings and specifications) that constitute the work required by the contract, and incorporates them by reference in the contract, thus establishing them as contract documents. The list may also make reference to documents (revisions, clarifications, and modifications) that might be issued after the effective date of the agreement to modify the original contract documents. (PDPG 5.5 pg. 71)

Answer 190

**Contract Drawings** are those named in the agreement and can be supplemented by various forms of interpretations and modifications including small-sized sketches. These drawings document the work to be performed. They may show work to be removed and work to be constructed. They help to establish the extent of work and are complementary with the specifications. (PDPG 11.1.2 CCAPG 1.3.2.2)

Answer 191

Drawings and three-dimensional (3D) models are graphic representations of the work. They show location, materials, dimensions, size, and interrelationships of materials, details of connections, and shape and form. (PDPG 11.1.2 CCAPG 3.3.1.6)

Answer 192

Large graphic illustrations of the physical form of the work to be performed (PDPG 11.1.2 CCAPG 1.3.1)

Answer 193

**Contract Drawings** are graphic representations of the work upon which the contract is based. As the graphic documents usually contain more than plan views, the preferred term is drawings rather than plans. They show the quantitative extent and relationships of elements to one another. (PDPG 11.1.2)

Answer 194

**Contract Modifications** include modifications after the construction agreement has been signed and additions to, deletions from, or modifications of the work to be done are accomplished by change orders, construction change directives, work change directives, field orders, architect’s supplemental instructions, orders for minor changes, and written amendments. These can be issued at any time during the contract period. (PDPG 13.9.2)

Answer 195

Addenda are contract a modification issued either prior to receipt of bids and proposals or, in some cases, prior to the time the agreement is executed. (CSPG 9.1)

Answer 196

The basis on which applications for payment will be made. Includes the listing of any unit prices allowances and accepted alternates. (CCAPG 3.3.1.2)

Answer 197

Those items defined and itemized within the contract documents. This term is used in the CAPG in two ways firstly as something to be complied with or adhered to using words like “fulfillment of…” “conformance with… “Accordance with…”etc., and may then mention the entire body of the contract documents or one in particular (e.g. submittal requirements in figure 5.3 and 5.4) The term is also used to refer to the various articles in the contract and general conditions as seen in the CAPG Section 6.1 pg. 104 as well as the PDPG 13.7.1 pg. 409

Answer 198

Start and completion dates or allotted calendar days for the project. (CAPG 3.3.1.2 pg. 46)

Answer 199

**Contract Time** can be measured in several different ways. The contract states how contract time is to be measured. Working and calendar days are the two most common methods of establishing contract time. (CAPG 3.4.8.13)

Answer 200

* **Single-Prime Contract** The basic design-bid-build or design-negotiate-build type of project delivery…The Owner has a contractual relationship with both the A/E and the Contractor…The single-prime contract is usually the simplest type of construction contract to administer. (PDPG 5.6.1 pg. 74, CPRPG 5.3.5.1) * **Multiple-Prime Contracts** In a multiple-prime construction project, the work is divided among several Contractors, and each enters into a separate prime contract with the Owner…Multiple-prime contracts may be a result of the fast-track scheduling ….or may be used to control procurement…Multiple-prime contracts often require construction management for effective coordination, particularly on projects of large scope or significant complexity. (PDPG 5.6.2 pg. 75, CPRPG 5.3.5.2, CPRPG Fig 5.5)

Answer 201

**Contracting and Project Forms** typically include the notice of award, agreement, and attachments to the agreement. Project forms typically include bond forms, certificates and forms, modification forms, and closeout forms. (PDPG 11.5.2 Spec PG 1.14.1)

Answer 202

**Contracting Forms** typically include the notice of award, agreement, and attachments to the agreement. Project forms typically include bond forms, certificates and forms, modification forms, and closeout forms. (PDPG 11.5.2, CSPG 1.14.1)

Answer 203

Contracting forms (agreement) and conditions of the contract (general and supplementary conditions or Owner furnished general or special conditions) as well as various named attachments and forms (PDPG 13.2.2 CCAPG 1.3.1)

Answer 204

**Contracting Requirements** though not specifications, are legal documents that describe contractual requirements. Contracting requirements define the processes, rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the parties to the contract and include the following: Contracting forms, project forms, conditions of the contract, and revisions, clarification, and modifications. (PDPG 11.5)

Answer 205

**Contracting Requirements** include contracting forms (agreement) and conditions of the contract (general and supplementary conditions, or Owner furnished general or special conditions) as well as various named attachments and forms. Revisions, clarifications, and modifications are changes applicable to the contract documents such as addenda issued during the procurement process or change orders issued during the course of the work. (CAPG 1.3 pg. 7)

Answer 206

**Contractor** agrees to build the project for the Owner with the Contractor’s own labor force, augmented with subcontractor forces, as needed. (PDPG 2.4.1, CPRPG 4.2)

Answer 207

**Contractor** is contractually obligated to construct the project. The Contractor may perform all or part of the work or subcontract most of it to specialty subcontractors. (PDPG 2.4.1, CPRPG 2.6.3)

Answer 208

Activities related to managing the construction process, typically performed by the Contractor. Contractor project management should not be confused with construction management. Construction management is a delivery method. Contractor project management is managing the construction process, whether by a Contractor, a construction manager, a design builder, or other entity responsible for constructing a project. (CAPG 1.1 pg. 2)

Answer 209

Activities related to managing the construction process, typically performed by the Contractor. (PDPG 13.1 CCAPG 1.1)

Answer 210

The Contractor typically has a project manager on staff to handle Contractor project management responsibilities. (CCAPG 1.4.1)

Answer 211

The Contractor is required by the AIA general conditions to prepare a list of incomplete or nonconforming work, commonly referred to as a punch list. The general conditions states that when the Contractor considers that the work, or a portion thereof that the Owner agrees to accept separately, is substantially complete, the Contractor shall prepare and submit to the A/E a comprehensive list of items to be completed or corrected. (PDPG 13.7.3 CCAPG 6.3.3)

Answer 212

Some Owners might request information regarding the skills and financial stability of prospective Contractors. This is known as a request for qualifications (RFQ). AIA Document A305, Contractor’s Qualification Statement, published by the American Institute of Architects (AIA) can be used to respond to an RFQ. The Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee (EJCDC) does not publish a Contractor qualification form but endorses the use of Associated General Contractors of America (AGC) Document 221, Standard Questionnaires and Financial Statement for Bidders (for Engineering Construction). (PDPG 12.7.1.2)

Answer 213

The standard general conditions of the contract require the Contractor to supervise and direct those who are performing the work and to be responsible for construction means, methods, techniques, sequences, and procedures. (CAPG 6.3.1 pg. 109 see also CAPG 9.2.1 on pg. 174)

Answer 214

**Contractor Team** enters into an agreement with the Owner to build the facility described in the documents produced by the design team. (CPRPG 4.1.3)

Answer 215

**Contractor Team** agrees to construct the facility for the Owner with the Contractor’s management and labor forces and services of subcontractors. The Contractor contracts with the Owner to successfully complete the project in accordance with the documents prepared by the design team. Decisions the Contractor team may make while the project is being built normally include the selection of subcontractors and material and equipment suppliers. (PDPG 2.4)

Answer 216

After contract award, many developer type Owners may encourage the Contractor to propose changes of products, systems, or other elements of the project in order to save money. (PDPG 13.9.3.2)

Answer 217

**Contractor's General Property and Equipment Insurance** covering construction equipment and tools used on the project. (PDPG 11.3.20.3)

Answer 218

The Contractor’s business costs unrelated to an individual project. (CPRPG 8.2.4)

Answer 219

Contractor-assigned individual who administers, directs, and supervises the construction activities (PDPG 2.4.2, CPRPG 4.2)

Answer 220

**Contractor's Project Manager** may be assigned before or after the Contractor is awarded the contract. The project manager oversees the project and is responsible for submittals; contracts with subcontractors, otherwise referred to as “buying out the project”; scheduling; application for payments; change order requests; warranties; and O&M manuals. Additionally, the project manager represents the company to the Owner and A/E, attends project meetings, and has responsibility for contract closeout. (PDPG 13.3.3, CPRPG 2.6.3)

Answer 221

The Contractor is required by the AIA and EJCDC general conditions to prepare what is commonly referred to as a *punch list.* The general conditions state that when the Contractor considers that the work, or a portion thereof that the Owner agrees to accept separately, is substantially complete, the Contractor shall prepare and submit to the A/E a comprehensive list of items to be completed or corrected. (CPRPG 9.10.4.3)

Answer 222

The Contractor is responsible for construction of the project in conformance with the contract documents. The standard general conditions of the contract require the Contractor to supervise and direct those who are performing the work and to be responsible for construction means, methods, techniques, sequences, and procedures. (CPRPG 9.10.4.1)

Answer 223

**Contractual Liability** assumed under any contract or agreement over and above that liability which may be imposed by law. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)

Answer 224

In this type of open proprietary specification, specific products are named but substitutions are allowed under procedures specified in Section 01 25 13—Product Substitution Procedures. A requirement may be met with the specified item or by a similar product that is not necessarily identical but that is alike with respect to performance. This method saves time during the development of a specification because only one product needs to be investigated and specified for each requirement. (CSPG 3.1.4.1.2)

Answer 225

**Coordinating Drawings and Specifications** are complementary and both are needed to full describe a construction project. Coordination must occur at all levels of the project team. (CSPG 8.1)

Answer 226

To obtain goods and special services at the lowest available prices, many government agencies, not-for-profit organizations, and small private businesses organize or join purchasing cooperatives. A purchasing cooperative is an organization of two or more buyers who solicit bids for goods and services from two or more sellers. (CPRPG 8.8.1.2)

Answer 227

Designed to avoid omissions in the specification of essential items noted in the drawings might have lists of materials, systems, and products by specification system. Check marks can be used to indicate inclusion in the design, and space should be provided for notes regarding coordination with other work and other items requiring special attention. (CSPG Fig. 1.3; CSPG 8.5)

Answer 228

Information provided by various subcontractors and the Contractor are brought together to coordinate utilization of limited space. Information on the contract drawings may be diagrammatic with single lines indicating general locations. Coordination drawings are drawn with actual (scale) dimensions of the elements. These drawings help determine how elements will actually fit in the space available. (PDPG 13.6.3; CAPG 1.3.2.4 pg. 9) Coordination drawings are usually prepared by or for the Contractor to show how multiple system and interdisciplinary work will be coordinated. These are used to avoid coordination problems that can occur in the field when one subcontractor installs work before another subcontractor does without fully understanding the implications and restrictions the work may have on space requirements for subsequently installed work. (PDPG 13.6.3; CAPG 5.3.2.1 pg. 88 see also 9.3.2)

Answer 229

Portions of the project specifications may be written by consultants. This is often the case for the mechanical, electrical, structural, landscape architectural, and civil engineering sections because these disciplines are normally required to professionally seal their documents. Other sections may also be written by specialists such as roofing and waterproofing, architectural hardware, commercial kitchen, theater consultants, and lighting designers (CSPG 1.5.8)

Answer 230

Specifications complement, but should not repeat, information shown on the drawings, nor should the drawings duplicate information contained in the specifications. If a requirement on the drawings or in the specifications is duplicated in the other, an opportunity arises for a discrepancy between the two. Properly prepared drawings and specifications should dovetail like a jigsaw puzzle, without overlaps or gaps. To facilitate coordination, especially on complex projects with many different materials, components, subcontractors, and trades, adhere to the CSI principles established for locating information properly within the contract documents. (CSPG 8.1.4)

Answer 231

Contractors are typically required to provide a one-year correction period for the facility. This requirement might vary depending on the type of facility and construction contract. (PDPG 14.1.2.9 Spec PG 15.4, CPRPG 10.6)

Answer 232

An estimate is not a price. It is an A/E’s opinion of the probable cost of construction based on: The cost of similar constructed projects; Published cost data; Input from construction participants; Economic conditions prevailing at the proposed time of construction; Contingency for inestimable factors, such as unknown details, unforeseen or hidden construction, soil conditions, changed market conditions, and weather delays (PDPG 8.11)

Answer 233

See Project Cost

Answer 234

A number of different methods are used for determining and stating amounts of cost or compensation within agreements. When a contract is bid or negotiated, the basis of payment that will be used in the contract is clearly stated in the RFP or bidding documents. When the contract is executed the bid or negotiated basis of payment is included in the contract. (PDPG 7.1.6)

Answer 235

If a material is inexpensive, it does not mean that the installation is as well, or vice versa. Also consider maintenance and operational costs. Initial cost should not be the only factor in selecting a product. (CSPG 1.4.2)

Answer 236

The establishment of binding legal agreements documents the agreed-upon cost and sets the basis of payment. The agreement along with other contract documents forms the contract that defines the relationships between the participants of the project team and establishes the rights, duties, and responsibilities of each team participant. (CPRPG 5.3.4)

Answer 237

Cost of the actual direct expense of construction work plus a fee for overhead and profit usually based on partially completed construction documents for a defined scope of work. The fee can be fixed, a percentage (which may include payroll costs, material and equipment costs, amounts paid to subcontractors, amounts paid to special consultants, and supplemental costs), or other arrangement. (PDPG 7.1.6.3)

Answer 238

The cost plus a fee basis of payment is usually used only with negotiated contracts. The contract calls for compensation for the actual cost of direct expenses, plus an additional fee for overhead and profit. The fee is usually a percentage of the direct expenses but also may be a fixed fee amount. (PDPG 7.1.6.3)

Answer 239

The cost-plus-a-fee basis of payment is generally used only with negotiated contracts. The contract calls for compensation for the actual cost of direct expenses, plus an additional fee for overhead and profit. (CPRPG 5.3.4.3)

Answer 240

**Coverage** In insurance practice, the word coverage is used synonymously with insurance or protection (PDPG 11.3.20.1)

Answer 241

Critical Path Method Schedule

Answer 242

A performance specification is defined as a statement of required results with criteria for verifying compliance, but without unnecessary limitations on the methods for achieving the required results. (PDPG 11.3.6.2)

Answer 243

**Criteria (Performance)** for a particular requirement, stated in quantitative or qualitative terms. Criteria must be either measurable or observable. Several criteria may be needed to completely and accurately define a requirement. (PDPG 10.5.2)

Answer 244

Specifies the required results, the criteria by which the performance will be judged, and the method by which it can be verified. (PDPG 11.3.6.2)

Answer 245

The critical path method (CPM) approach to project scheduling. CPM determines activities that are dependent upon each other and the longest path for completion of those activities. In this approach, the schedule is dictated by the activities that are on the critical path to the completion date of the project. (PDPG 6.8, CPRPG 9.7.4.8.10)

Answer 246

**Critical Path Method (CPM) Schedule** approach to project scheduling. CPM determines activities that are dependent upon each other and the longest path for completion of those activities. In this approach, the schedule is dictated by the activities that are on the critical path to the completion date of the project. (PDPG 6.8)

Answer 247

**Critical Path** is the path that establishes the optimum sequence and duration of operations between the first and last events. CAPG 3.2.8 pg. 60 The critical path can be defined as “that head-to-tail path of sequential activities that requires the longest total time for accomplishment.” A critical path schedule identifies those tasks whose completion dates cannot slip without affecting the completion date of the project. (PDPG 6.8; CAPG 3.4.8.10 pg. 64)

Answer 248

Construction Specifications Institute (CSPG 1.4.1)

Answer 249

**Custom Products** with nonstandard characteristics are considered custom products. It is important for the A/E to understand the consequences of using them and convey this information to the Owner prior to their selection. (CPRPG 6.4)

Answer 250

UniFormat divides Level 1 categories into classes of information by separating the categories into the constituent parts that compose them. This method of classifying is known to information specialists as decomposition. (CSPG 4.2.2.1)

Answer 251

Work delayed on a planned or unplanned basis, often due to a lack of funds. (PDPG 14.2.4.2)

Answer 252

Most standard Owner-architect/engineer (A/E) agreements and conditions of the contract indicate that the A/E will perform CCA and will periodically visit the construction site to…. (2) inform the Owner of known deviations from the contract documents and defects and deficiencies observed in the work. (CAPG 6.0 pg. 103) The A/E has the authority to reject work that does not conform to the requirements of the contract documents. (CAPG 6.9 pg. 113)

Answer 253

**Deliverables** in each phase include graphic and written design documents and estimates of project cost. (PDPG 3.4.3)

Answer 254

Construction contract administration (CCA) and Contractor project management processes vary with the project delivery method selected for the project. ( CAPG 1.4 pg. 11 to 16 * See PDPG Chapter 7 for Project Delivery type review) Design-Bid-Build (D-B-B) * Design-Negotiate-Build (D-N-B) * Construction Management (CMa) Serving as Advisor or Agent Construction Management (CMc) Serving as Contractor Design-Build (D-B) * Owner-Build (O-B) * Integrated Project Delivery

Answer 255

Removal of existing structures and materials that may interfere with the placement of new construction. (CPRPG 5.3.3.3)

Answer 256

The Contractor is responsible for coordinating the activities involved in training the Owner’s and facility manager’s personnel in the proper operation of the systems and equipment. This is accomplished through a series of demonstrations. The demonstrations are usually attended by the Owner’s representative, facility manager, commissioning authority, maintenance personnel, the A/E, and appropriate consultants. The demonstration and training should be performed by qualified instructors who are knowledgeable about the design, operation, and maintenance of the system or equipment. (CCAPG 12.3.4)

Answer 257

Specifies properties of materials and methods of installation without using proprietary names. A descriptive specification is a detailed description of the characteristics, physical properties, and workmanship required for the proper installation of a product or material. (PDPG 11.3.6.1 Spec PG 3.1, CPRPG 7.2)

Answer 258

Standard forms of agreements are available from professional organizations. These agreement forms are tailored to the nature of the services required. The agreements can include a listing of designated services or can be based on specific project delivery methods such as design-build or construction management. (CPRPG 5.2.1.2

Answer 259

Design competitions are sometimes utilized when a high- profile project or an extremely unique solution is being sought for a difficult and public project. Design competitions are not intended to obtain a design solution at no cost, but are intended to go beyond qualifications in exploring potential solutions. (CPRPG 5.5.2.3)

Answer 260

Specifications often require submittal of design data from manufacturers and fabricators documenting and affirming the design of products and systems. For example, the specifications might require the fabricator of a steel or wood truss member to submit engineering data stating loads transferred to other elements or a connection to a column or the capacity of the system to resist the design loads. (CCAPG 5.3.2.3)

Answer 261

**Design** is the arrangement of project elements and components, expressed in graphic and written documents, responding to: the Owner’s program and budget; requirements of authorities having jurisdiction (AHJ); conditions at the site; available products; and the Owner’s functional, aesthetic, and sustainability requirements. (PDPG 3.4.3)

Answer 262

Aids for incorporating the product in the project design and information on how to solve specific design problems. (CPRPG 2.12.2)

Answer 263

**Design Development** phase follows the Owner’s approval of the schematic design and any necessary program or budget adjustments. The emphasis shifts from overall relationships and functions to more technical issues of constructability and integration of systems and components. Aesthetic concerns move from massing and arrangement to materials, surfaces, and details. Design development phase documents fix and describe the size and character of the entire project, including architectural, structural, mechanical, and electrical systems. (PDPG 3.4.3.2, CPRPG 6.2.3)

Answer 264

The American Institute of Architects (AIA) defines design as occurring in three distinct phases: schematic design, design development, and construction documents. The Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee (EJCDC) defines design in two phases: preliminary design and final design phase, which includes construction documents. The Design- Build Institute of America (DBIA) defines design in two phases: schematic design and design development, which includes construction documents. For the purposes of this manual, design is defined as having two phases: schematic and design development. (PDPG 8.8, CPRPG 6.2.1))

Answer 265

**Design Services** may range from early studies or surveys, master planning, and programming to complete design services including preparation of contract documents for obtaining construction services. Design services may involve only one discipline or be very complex and require an A/E and numerous licensed consultants with specific expertise. (PDPG 3.4.3)

Answer 266

**Design Professional** is used in the *Construction Product Representation Practice Guide* to describe those individuals who have a need for product information and technical assistance from a product representative and who select products or have input on the selection of products. (CPRPG 1.5)

Answer 267

The AIA defines design as occurring in three distinct phases: schematic design, design development, and construction documents. The EJCDC defines design in two phases: preliminary design and final design phase, which includes construction documents. The DBIA defines design in two phases: schematic design and design development, which includes construction documents. For the purposes of this manual, design is defined as having two phases: schematic and design development. (PDPG 3.4.3)

Answer 268

During the design stage of the project life cycle, the A/E transforms the Owner’s program into graphic and written documents that can be used to produce bidding and pricing documents in a subsequent stage. The architect/engineer (A/E) must account for many requirements and work with other participants to produce an affordable, practical, and attractive design ready for documentation. The two commonly recognized phases of design are schematic design and design development. (PDPG 3.4.3)

Answer 269

**Design Team** works with the Owner to determine the project requirements, design the project, produce the construction documents, and administer the construction contract. The design team participants also review submittals and substitution requests before and after award of the construction contract. The design team is responsible for addressing planning issues, product research and selection, code research and compliance, quality control and assurance reviews, and construction contract administration. (PDPG 2.37.5)

Answer 270

**Design Team** consists of architects, engineers, specifiers, and a variety of consultants as needed, based on the type of structure being designed. (CPRPG 4.1.2)

Answer 271

A project delivery method - The design-bid-build project delivery method is the traditional method of moving a project from conception to completion. It is a linear sequence of activities generally occurring in the following order: project conception, design (including schematic and design development) construction documents, competitive bidding, and then construction. The basis of this delivery method is that design is completed prior to bidding/pricing and construction. (PDPG 7.2, CPRPG Fig 2.1a, CPRPG 5.4.1)

Answer 272

A project delivery method - In the design-build delivery method, the Owner contracts with a single entity for the complete design and construction of a project. The design- builder may consist of one or more firms associated in a variety of ways. Regardless of its composition, the design-builder provides complete design service and performs the construction under a single contract with the Owner. (PDPG 7.5, CPRPG 5.4.4, CPRPG Fig. 5.10)

Answer 273

The design-builder provides both the design and construction of a project. The design-builder’s obligation is to provide a completed project that meets the Owner’s project description. Often a Contractor takes the lead and either has an in-house architectural staff or hires an outside A/E to design a project conforming to the project description. Services provided to the Owner are similar to those in a conventional design-bid-build project; however, the contractual relationships and responsibilities differ. (PDPG 7.5, CPRPG 2.6.3, CPRPG Fig 2.1e)

Answer 274

The entity contractually responsible (to the Owner) for delivering the project design and construction. The design-builder can assume several organizational structures: an entity possessing design and construction resources in-house, a joint venture between A/E and Contractor, a Contractor-led team with the A/E in a subcontract role, or an A/E-led team with the Contractor in a subcontractor role. (PDPG 7.5, CPRPG 4.2))

Answer 275

The term designed elements refers to physical parts of buildings with a particular design, construction, or technical solution. (UniFormat, Page 1)

Answer 276

A project delivery method - If only one Contractor is involved in developing the costs and negotiating a contract to construct a project, the process is referred to as design-negotiate-build. Although the design-negotiate-build is similar to design-bid-build, it is a more informal process and may not include specific procurement requirements or specific rules of engagement. (PDPG 7.3, CPRPG Fig. 2.1b, CPRPG 5.4.2)

Answer 277

The A/E designer works with the project A/E and the Owner to interpret program requirements; assess spatial needs; design layouts, site work, and circulation; and address planning issues. (CPRPG 2.6.2)

Answer 278

**Details** show more specific information about a portion of a project component or element than can be provided by smaller scale drawings. Examples of detail drawings include joints and connections between materials and products. (PDPG 11.2.4)

Answer 279

**Developer** is a company that acquires a site for the purpose of creating a facility for an Owner. The developer may act as a design-builder and provide a build-to-suit, turnkey, or a lease-back facility. (PDPG 2.2.1, CPRPG 4.2)

Answer 280

**Dimensional Data** *are* exact measurements, dimensions, clearances, and required tolerances needed for sizing and detailing the product for correct installation. (CPRPG 2.12.2)

Answer 281

Those with previous experience in design and construction may use direct selection as their primary means of obtaining design services. To the A/E this is known as a returning client. The direct selection process saves time and money for the participants involved. The client saves the efforts of research, interviews, and specific documentation of requirements. For the A/E, the process saves expenses of identifying markets, making presentations, and assessing capabilities and consultants required for the project. Direct selection may be the result of the A/E’s reputation in certain design types. Some A/Es have demonstrated creative solutions and unique use of materials in their designs. These solutions to problems have received recognition through awards and publication. Most A/E firms specialize in certain project types and have developed significant expertise in those markets. (PDPG 2.6.2.1, CPRPG 5.5.2)

Answer 282

**Discrepancies** is conflicting information in the contract documents. Lack of knowledge by the team leader or team members of the bidding requirements, contract document requirements, agreements, insurance, bonds, or the conditions of the contract increases the possibility of discrepancies and conflicts. (CPRPG 6.9.4)

Answer 283

This process involves establishment of a three-member board of construction experts who periodically convene to review the status of the project in order to detect areas of potential conflict and make recommendations for resolution of issues before they become conflicts. (CCAPG 10.5.4)

Answer 284

**Dispute and Types of Resolution (**See Different types at CAPG 10.5.4 pg. 210 and 211) * Binding Arbitration * Judicial Reference * Nonbinding Dispute Resolution * Mediation * Nonbinding Arbitration * Mini-trial * Disputes Review Board

Answer 285

**Disputes** are claims that cannot be resolved by the parties to the construction contract without the intervention of an independent third party. (PDPG 13.11.4 CCAPG 10.1, CPRPG 9.14.5)

Answer 286

**Disputes** often occur when the A/E’s or initial decision maker's decision on a claim is not accepted by one or both parties and the claim cannot be resolved through negotiation. (PDPG 13.11.4 CCAPG 10.5)

Answer 287

**Distributor** buys, inventories, and resells products to be incorporated in the project (PDPG 2.5; PDPG 2.5.3, CPRPG 4.2)

Answer 288

**Distributors** have written or oral agreements with manufacturers to buy, inventory, and resell products to buyers. (CPRPG 2.5.3)

Answer 289

**Division 01 – General Requirements** should be made available to consultants prior to their preparing any sections. Input from them for Division 01 sections should be requested at the same time. In this manner the consultants can avoid writing separate general requirements for their disciplines, reducing the likelihood of conflicting requirements. (CSPG 1.5.8)

Answer 290

**Division 01 – General Requirements** of the specifications specify administrative requirements, procedural requirements, and temporary facilities and controls. Division 01 sections govern the execution of the work specified in Divisions 02–49. (PDPG 11.3.10, CSPG 7.1; CCAPG 3.3.1.4 (fig. 3.3))

Answer 291

**Division 01, General Requirements** The sections in Division 01, which are collectively referred to as the General Requirements, specify administrative requirements, procedural requirements, temporary facilities and controls, performance requirements, and life cycle activities. (PDPG 11.3.10, CSPG 7.1)

Answer 292

**Division** A standard category of construction specifications; one of 50 Divisions defined by MasterFormat. Divisions form the framework for project specifications. (PDPG 11.3.7.3 Spec PG SectionFormat, Page 4)

Answer 293

MasterFormat arranges related construction practices, or work results, into a series of Level 1 titles called Divisions. (PDPG 11.3.7.3 Spec PG 4.2.3.2)

Answer 294

Use of the appropriate divisions of the technical specifications, Divisions 02 through 49, will be determined by the project requirements. (CSPG 13.5.3)

Answer 295

Department of Defense

Answer 296

A number of green building rating systems are being used within the United States. Some are applicable to all building types while others focus on facilities with specific uses. The most commonly used green building rating system comes from the US Green Building Council (USGBC), with its series of LEED rating systems. The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS) is also in widespread domestic use but is specifically applicable to school facilities. (CPRPG 12.3)

Answer 297

**Drafter (Architect)** Design Team * Does not have client contact * Works for the job captain on the construction drawings, and has no management responsibilities * Has no decision -making power or influence over the aesthetic design, construction documents, or construction administration (PDPG 2.3.1.8)

Answer 298

**Drawing Revisions** can be made either by issuing a sketch on a sheet size smaller than the original drawing or by revising a portion of the drawing and reissuing the entire drawing. The change should be clearly identified. In the case of a sketch, it should refer to the original drawing and should include a revision date. In the case of a revised drawing, the change should be visually identified and a revision number placed adjacent to it. The revision number should be coordinated with a short explanation in the appropriate place on the drawing title block along with a revision date. (CSPG 9.2.2)

Answer 299

**Drawings** are graphic and textual information organized on a two-dimensional surface for the purpose of conveying data about a specific portion of a project. Drawings convey design intent and may show multiple views, either of the whole project or of its parts. Drawings indicate relationships between elements and may show the following for each material, assembly, component, and accessory: Location, identification, dimension and size, details and diagrams of connections, shape and form. (PDPG 11.2)

Answer 300

Part of or the entire same element of work is specified in more than one section of the specifications. Duplications violate the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) principle of “Say it once and in the right place.” (CPRPG 6.9.4)

Answer 301

**Editing Notes** includes notes and instructions to assist the persons editing the sections. This information should be clearly identified so as not to be confused with actual specification text. (CSPG 10.5.9)

Answer 302

Guide to Preparation of Instructions to bidders. (CSPG 9.3.3)

Answer 303

Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee

Answer 304

**Electrical Engineer** Design Team - (PDPG 2.3.5) * Is responsible for the technical and engineering design of the supply and distribution of lighting, power, and communication systems, including the necessary equipment * Provides construction drawings and specifications * Participates in construction administration

Answer 305

Motors and generators, distribution systems, life safety systems, communications equipment, and controls. (CPRPG 5.3.3.3)

Answer 306

If documents are issued electronically, they should be produced in an electronic format that prevents modification, such as a portable document format (PDF). (CSPG 9.3.3)

Answer 307

**Electronic Technology** enhances production and improve efficiency by incorporating internal software linkages that provide coordination and assurances in choices that prevent contradictory information. (CSPG 10.3)

Answer 308

UniFormat is an arrangement of construction information based on physical parts of a facility called functional elements, otherwise known as systems and assemblies. These elements are characterized by their function without identifying the work results that compose them. (UniFormat, Page 1)

Answer 309

**Emergency Maintenance** is unscheduled work demanding immediate action to restore services or remove problems that could interrupt activities. (PDPG 14.2.4.2)

Answer 310

Some states have enacted compensation laws that are not comprehensive for every injury or every category of recoverable damages. The resulting immunity gap is covered by a policy called employer’s liability insurance. (PDPG 11.3.20.1)

Answer 311

This coverage is provided by Part 2 of the basic workers’ compensation policy and pays on behalf of the insured (employer) all sums that the insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of bodily injury by accident or disease sustained by any employee of the insured arising out of and in the course of his employment by the insured. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)

Answer 312

A form bearing the language necessary to record a change in an insurance policy. (PDPG 11.3.20.1)

Answer 313

See Architect/Engineer (A/E)

Answer 314

Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract. (CSPG 14.2)

Answer 315

**Ensure** is to make certain in a way that eliminates the possibility of error. (Spec 2.3)

Answer 316

**Entitlement** is defined as the right to benefits specified by law or contract. (PDPG 13.11.2 CCAPG 10.3, CPRPG 9.14.3)

Answer 317

Environmental Protection Agency

Answer 318

If, during the course of the project, the Contractor encounters conditions contrary to those stipulated or inferred in the contract documents, a claim may be initiated. Changed conditions include: (CAPG 10.2.2. pg. 202) * Active interference by the Owner or A/E * Conditions beyond the control of either the Contractor or the Owner * Unknown or concealed conditions that affect the extent of the work * Modifications made to the contract documents * Errors and omissions in the contract documents

Answer 319

See Cost Estimate

Answer 320

Upon receipt of the notice to proceed, the Contractor has a lot of work to do in a relatively short time frame. Estimating pass-off usually begins with the estimator passing off the project to the team that will be constructing the project. (CPRPG 9.7.1.1)

Answer 321

**Estimating Techniques** are estimating methods used by the A/E during design include: order of magnitude, square foot or volume, assemblies/systems, and unit price. (PDPG 8.11.2, CPRPG 6.7.3)

Answer 322

**Estimator** quantifies materials and identifies systems for purposes of furnishing a bid for a project and ordering materials. (CPRPG 2.6.3

Answer 323

**Estimator** Contractor Team - The estimator performs measurement of materials for purposes of furnishing a bid for a project and ordering materials. The estimator performs a quantity survey on selected portions of the project, such as concrete, earthwork, or site work, which subcontractor forces will complete. The estimator contacts subcontractors, performs prebid inquiries to generate interest in bidding on the project, and works with subcontractors and suppliers to help ensure the Contractor becomes the low bidder. In public bid projects, the Contractor is often required to meet minority employment goals for the project, which may be part of the estimator’s responsibility. In some companies, the estimator may also serve as the project manager. (PDPG 2.4.1.3)

Answer 324

**Estimator, Cost** Design Team - (PDPG 2.3.11) * Prepares detailed estimates of probable construction cost of a project * May be a professional in independent practice or on the staff of the Contractor.

Answer 325

A provision of an insurance policy or bond referring to hazards, circumstances, or property not covered by the policy. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)

Answer 326

The executed agreement binds the documents together firmly and permanently, including addenda, contract documents, specifications, Conditions of the Contract, and Contract forms. (CSPG Figure 5.1)

Answer 327

An investigation of an existing facility will help determine its suitability for adaptation to the Owner’s needs and goals, including: Functional evaluation, Facility systems evaluation, Structural evaluation, environmental evaluation, Accessibility evaluation. (PDPG 6.3.4)

Answer 328

**Express Warranty** are created as follows: Any affirmation of fact or promise made by the seller to the buyer that relates to the goods or installation and becomes a part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that the goods shall conform to the affirmation or promise; Any description of the goods or installation that is made a part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that the goods shall conform to the description; Any sample or model that is made a part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that the whole of the goods or installation shall conform to the sample or model; It is not necessary to the creation of an express warranty that the seller use formal words such as warrant or guarantee or that the seller have a specific intention to make a warranty. An affirmation of the value of the goods or a statement purporting to be merely the seller’s opinion or commendation of the goods does not create a warranty. (PDPG 11.3.18.1 Spec PG 15.1.1)

Answer 329

The magnitude, form, function, and complexity of a project will have a direct bearing on the project delivery method and the number and role of the participants. Generally, the greater the magnitude of the project, the greater the number of participants, the more the construction process is compounded. (PDPG 7.1.4, CPRPG Fig. 5.2, CPRPG 5.3.2)

Answer 330

**Exterior Enclosure Consultant** Design Team - (PDPG 2.3.9) * Advises, assists, and makes recommendations for the aesthetic and technical design of the building envelope enclosure; may be responsible for, or influence, the selection of materials and products * May provide construction drawings and specifications * May participate in construction administration

Answer 331

Curtain wall storefront, glazing, masonry veneer, composite panels, skylights, roofing, sealants, and other related components. (CPRPG 5.3.3.3)

Answer 332

Extra stock materials are often required for exposed finish materials incorporated in the project, such as floor coverings, wall coverings, ceiling materials, and coatings. Extra stock is typically required for materials where finish color, texture, or pattern is critical and can vary by dye lot, where a custom mix has been provided, and where material color lines are subject to frequent changes. Extra stock materials are used by the Owner to repair damaged or worn finish materials and finishes. (PDPG 14.2.5.3 CCAPG 12.3.3.2)

Answer 333

**Fabrication Tolerances** establish a statistical range of acceptability for properties of products before they are incorporated into the project. (PDPG 11.3.4.6)

Answer 334

Assemblies in a location other than the project site, of various materials, products, and equipment into a form that can be more efficiently installed or constructed on the project site using fewer installing personnel and taking less time than would be necessary if the original materials and products not fabricated (PDPG 2.5)

Answer 335

The completed project is a facility, which is a constructed entity or space designed to perform a certain function. (PDPG 1.5)

Answer 336

**Facility Evaluation** address facility use, effectiveness, efficiency, operational cost, maintenance, and environment. (PDPG 14.2.6)

Answer 337

The facility manager should develop and maintain an ongoing evaluation program. This process begins at occupancy with a post occupancy evaluation and continues through the life of the facility. The format and content of the evaluations vary greatly, depending on the facility type (CAPG 12.5 pg. 255-256)

Answer 338

**Facility Life Cycle** from concept through construction to use and eventual deconstruction (demolition), follows a number of stages: Project conception, project delivery methods, design, construction documents, bidding/negotiating/purchasing, construction, and facility management. (PDPG Chapter 3) (CPRPG 1.7)

Answer 339

**Facility Maintenance Engineer/Personnel** or manager is responsible for repairs and improvements. (CPRPG 2.6.1)

Answer 340

**Facility Management** is the process of allocating resources for the operation and maintenance of a facility to allow continued performance of the facility’s intended function. (PDPG 14.2.2)

Answer 341

The longest stage in the life cycle commences when the facility is put into use and maintained by the facility manager. Participants are generally limited to the Owner, facility users, and facility manager; however, members of the original project team may be called upon by the Owner for periodic evaluation of how components, systems, and subsystems are performing. (PDPG 3.4.7)

Answer 342

According to the Facility Management Handbook, facility managers integrate the people of an organization with its purpose (work) and place (facilities). This staff position is frequently found in an Owner’s administration and finance department, and is included on the project team for new facilities and renovations because of their role in the ongoing operation. These professionals might have backgrounds in architecture, engineering, construction, real estate, or a related discipline and have experience and training in the development of facilities. (PDPG 14.2.3, CPRPG 11.1)

Answer 343

**Facility Manager** implement’s maintenance and operations programs to ensure continuing facility function during occupancy and use, and participates in planning subsequent projects (PDPG 14.2.2, CPRPG 4.2)

Answer 344

The facility manager’s role and responsibilities are closely tied to project conception and planning for future facility needs. As a key member of the Owner’s strategic planning team, the facility manager is usually charged with long-term facility needs forecasting. (CAPG 2.1.1 pg. 23-24) Facility Manager Assists in the successful transfer of the completed facility for the Owner’s use. (includes a long list of responsibilities (CAPG 12.1 pg. 233)

Answer 345

An administrator or operator is responsible for the facility and makes decisions such as when the facility is open or closed, schedules maintenance, and determines when remodeling is necessary. (CPRPG 2.6.1)

Answer 346

Project conception is often a creative stage for the Owner; it requires a clear understanding of project values and goals which become the basis of many decisions. A facility program documents these decisions, resulting in a framework for future design decisions, operational procedures, and determining project feasibility. (PDPG 14.2.2)

Answer 347

**Facility Programmer** is a special consultant who assists the Owner in identifying and documenting the project requirements in a facility program. (CPRPG 4.2)

Answer 348

**Facility Programming** is a two phase process similar to and related to the two phases of design: schematic design and design development. The phases are as follows: Schematic programming, which involves identifying the broad visionary Owner goals, user preferences, image, functional requirements, movement, activity adjacencies, and facility demographics. Program development, which includes the organization of the vast amount of detailed information collected in impact studies and site analysis during the initial stages of information collection. This is the detailed information the A/E requires to complete the second design phase, design development. The critical activity is transforming the Owner’s broad visionary goals into a physical form. (PDPG 6.5)

Answer 349

**Facility User** is one who uses the facility for its designed purpose and may provide input to the design process (PDPG 2.2.5.2, CPRPG 4.2)

Answer 350

**Facility User** includes staff and employees of a facility who are not the actual Owners, such as students, doctors, nurses, instructors, and administrative personnel. (CPRPG 2.6.1)

Answer 351

Federal Acquisition Regulations

Answer 352

**Fast Track** is the process of overlapping activities to permit portions of construction to start prior to completion of the overall design. (PDPG 7.1.5.3)

Answer 353

**Fast-Track Scheduling** is not a project delivery method by itself, but instead is a scheduling technique that, while it can be used with any project delivery method, is primarily used with the two construction management project delivery methods. Fast-track often utilizes the technique of separating work into multiple contracts based on project scheduling to ensure project completion in a condensed period of time. (PDPG 7.1.5.3, CPRPG 5.3.3.3)

Answer 354

**Feasibility Studies** test the various aspects of an Owner’s vision. If the vision is not financially viable, it must be substantially modified or abandoned. Feasibility studies address: The Owner's financial conditions, Life cycle cost, Value of existing facilities, available studies, Timing. (PDPG 6.3.1)

Answer 355

Federal agencies usually do not require the A/E to prepare all the components of a document package. The A/E must be familiar with these client agency procedures before preparing the specifications Agency prepared Division 01 documents will vary greatly from a private sector Division 01. (CSPG 14.2)

Answer 356

Furniture, Furnishings and Equipment

Answer 357

Federal Aviation Administration

Answer 358

Federal Highway Administration

Answer 359

**Field Engineering** consists of taking the measurements, facility placement, and layout from the contract drawings and laying them out on the project site. Field engineering includes site surveying and layout. (PDPG 13.10.1 CCAPG 9.1)

Answer 360

Site visits are documented in the form of a field observation report, with any observed deficiencies clearly noted. Keeping the Owner informed of construction progress and events taking place on the construction site can be accomplished by sending copies of field observation reports to the Owner. (PDPG 13.7.9 CCAPG 6.2.1)

Answer 361

**Field or Site Inspections may** involve visual observation for compliance with specified criteria. (CSPG 1.8.4)

Answer 362

**Field or Site Quality Control** is the last form of verification and may form the basis for decisions about defective work during or after installation. (CSPG 1.8.4)

Answer 363

**Field or Site Samples** is used to state requirements for sample field application of finishes. Accepted samples may establish a minimum standard of workmanship. (CSPG 1.8.4)

Answer 364

EJCDC C-700 allows the engineer to authorize or order minor variations in the work when such changes do not involve a change in contract price or contract time. These orders must be in writing, but do not require an executed change order or the Owner’s signature. (PDPG 13.9.2.1 Spec PG 9.6.3)

Answer 365

**Final Acceptance** of the work is indicated by issuance of final payment. Final payment is recommended by the A/E only after all project closeout procedures have been completed. Upon acceptance of final payment, the Contractor waives all claims except those previously made in writing and according to the contract conditions against either the Owner or the A/E. The Owner, in making final payment, also waives all claims except claims arising from unsettled liens and defective work appearing after final inspection. (PDPG 13.12.14 CCAPG 11.15)

Answer 366

**Final Completion (Final Acceptance)** of the work is indicated by issuance of final payment. Final payment is recommended by the A/E only after all project closeout procedures have been completed. Upon acceptance of final payment, the Contractor waives all claims except those previously made in writing and according to the contract conditions against either the Owner or the A/E. The Owner, in making final payment, also waives all claims except claims arising from unsettled liens and defective work appearing after final inspection. (PDPG 13.12.15 CCAPG 11.15, CPRPG 10.9)

Answer 367

**Final Completion** is when the project is complete according to the contract documents and the Contractor is no longer involved on the project. (PDPG 13.13.3.7; CAPG 12.3.6 pg. 243)

Answer 368

**Final Completion** occurs when the Contractor has completed the contract requirements, the A/E has inspected to determine completion, the Owner has made final payment to the Contractor, and the Contractor has accepted final payment. (PDPG 13.13.3.7 CCAPG 6.2.4)

Answer 369

Final construction documents should receive final coordinating and checking prior to issuance: (CSPG 8.1.4.2) * Verify that all previously noted inconsistencies, errors, and inaccuracies have been corrected. * Verify that the construction documents are complete, with final check of project manual table of contents and drawing table of contents. * Verify consistency of all schedules.

Answer 370

**Final Inspection provides** verification by the A/E that the Contractor has satisfactorily performed all the identified tasks and corrected any deficiencies on the final punch list. (PDPG 13.13.3.7 CCAPG 12.3.8.1, CPRPG 10.9.1)

Answer 371

**Final Payment** is final acceptance of the work is indicated by issuance of final payment. Final payment is recommended by the A/E only after all project closeout procedures have been completed. Upon acceptance of final payment, the Contractor waives all claims except those previously made in writing and according to the contract conditions against either the Owner or the A/E. The Owner, in making final payment, also waives all claims except claims arising from unsettled liens and defective work appearing after final inspection. (CAPG 11.15 pg. 231)

Answer 372

**Fire Protection Engineer** Design Team - (PDPG 2.3.9) * Is responsible for the technical and engineering design of the supply and distribution of active fire suppression systems, including the necessary equipment * Advises, assists, and makes recommendations for the following * Determining the need for passive fire protection materials and assemblies * Functional design to protect life and property * May provide construction drawings and specifications * May participate in construction administration

Answer 373

If the seller has reason to know of any particular purpose for which the goods are required and that the buyer is relying on the seller’s skill or judgment to furnish suitable goods for that purpose, an implied warranty of fitness for that particular purpose arises (PDPG 11.3.16.3)

Answer 374

**Float (Schedule)** is the amount of extra time available to an activity when all activities begin as early as possible Free float is uniquely available to an activity, while total float is the accumulation of the entire free float in a project. (PDPG 6.8 CCAPG 3.4.8.11)

Answer 375

**Food Service Consultant** Design Team - (PDPG 2.3.15) * Is responsible for planning and the technical design of commercial kitchens and the necessary equipment * May prepare construction drawings and specifications * May participate in construction administration

Answer 376

If the bidder or proposer is to develop the design, the construction drawings might include only a definitive location plan. Because the project’s final design is not yet determined, a blank area, or *footprint,* in which the project will be sited, should be indicated on the site plan. (CSPG 12.11.1)

Answer 377

See Agreement Form (PDPG 5.4)

Answer 378

**Foundations** such as piles or caissons, concrete forms, reinforcement, cast-in-place concrete, foundation drainage piping, and waterproofing. (CPRPG 5.3.3.3)

Answer 379

**Four C’s** for effective communication are: (PDPG 11.3.5; CSPG 2.1) * CLEAR, Use proper grammar and simple sentence; construction to avoid ambiguity. * CONCISE, Eliminate unnecessary words, but not at the expense of clarity, correctness, or completeness. * CORRECT, Present information accurately and precisely. Carefully select words that convey exact meanings. * COMPLETE, Do not leave out important information.

Answer 380

**Four Principles** of effective communication: clear, concise, correct, complete. (See Four C's) (PDPG 11.3.5)

Answer 381

**Full Warranty** Present information accurately and precisely. Carefully select words that convey exact meanings; COMPLETE, Do not leave out important information. (PDPG 11.3.18.1 Spec PG 15.1.1)

Answer 382

The A/E must design the project elements and their relationships in a manner that ensures proper function of the project in accordance with the Owner’s program and budget. (CPRPG 6.3.2)

Answer 383

**Furnish** means to supply and deliver to project site, ready for installation. (Spec PG 13.7.3)

Answer 384

**GANTT Bar Chart** type schedule (PDPG 6.8 CCAPG 3.4.8 (fig. 3.8))

Answer 385

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Answer 386

**General Aggregate Limit** is the maximum limit of liability payable during any given annual policy period by an insurer under the 1986 CGL policy on behalf of an insured for all losses other than those arising from the products and completed operations hazards. (PDPG 11.3.20.2 Spec PG 17.7)

Answer 387

**General Conditions** for a project can be any of a number of standard documents published that are applicable to the project delivery method. Provisions of general conditions have broad application and include practices common in the United States. Standard general conditions for construction are prepared and published by professional societies such as the AIA, EJCDC, and DBIA. (PDPG 11.3.9; PDPG 11.5.4; CSPG 6.1)

Answer 388

**General Conditions** are broad clauses that define the basic rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the entities associated in the construction of a project. General conditions have wide applicability to almost all projects and are available as standardized documents that are prepared by various professional societies. (PDPG 11.3.9; PDPG 11.5.4; CSPG 6.1)

Answer 389

Under a general liability policy, often called public liability insurance or commercial general liability insurance, the insurance company agrees to pay all sums for which the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages. The insurance company also agrees to provide legal defense in any related suits brought against the Contractor. (PDPG 11.3.20.2 Spec PG 17.7)

Answer 390

**General Maintenance** is unplanned maintenance of a “nuisance nature” requiring low skill levels for correction. (PDPG 14.2.4.2)

Answer 391

**General Requirements** in Division 01 of the specifications specify administrative requirements, procedural requirements, and temporary facilities and controls. Division 01 sections govern the execution of the work specified in Divisions 02–49. (PDPG 11.3.10 Spec PG 7.1 CCAPG 3.3.1.4 (fig. 3.3))

Answer 392

The sections in Division 01, which are collectively referred to as the General Requirements, specify administrative requirements, procedural requirements, temporary facilities and controls, performance requirements, and life cycle activities. Administrative and procedural requirements are those relating to the process of contract administration, the assignment of contractual responsibilities, and the methods of communicating, verifying, and coordinating requirements for quality assurance. Temporary facilities and controls are those put into place for use only during the period of construction and that will be removed when no longer required for construction operations. Performance requirements are related to facility and system performance. Life cycle activities are related to commissioning, facility operation, facility maintenance, and facility decommissioning. (PDPG 11.3.10 Spec PG 7.1)

Answer 393

**Goods** are products and equipment. (PDPG 11.3.16)

Answer 394

The term goods is used in purchasing specifications to designate the materials or equipment to be purchased. This term is also used in the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), which governs most purchasing contracts, so terminology is consistent between the specifications and applicable law. (PDPG 11.3.16)

Answer 395

CSI’s GreenFormat™ is a tool that allows manufacturers to self-report environmental attributes, certification, labels, Environmental Product Declarations (EPD®), and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in a consistent format for the purposes of specifying environmental performance requirements. (CPRPG 3.5)

Answer 396

General Services Administration

Answer 397

**Guarantee of Cost of Construction** Projects with D-N-B project delivery frequently use contracts with a cost of the work plus a fee and sometimes include a guaranteed maximum price (GMP). (CAPG 1.4.3 pg. 13) The CMc is effectively the Contractor and provides Contractor project management services, guarantees the cost of construction, (provides a GMP) and signs subcontracts for most or all of the construction work. (CAPG 1.4.2. pg. 13)

Answer 398

**Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP)** (Pricing Method) The prospective Contractor’s price includes the cost of the work as defined in the procurement documents and the prospective Contractor’s fee for administering construction, plus overhead and profit. The Contractor’s fee can be stated as a stipulated sum (fixed fee) or as a percentage of the cost of the work. The cost of the work combined with the Contractor’s fee is the GMP. (PDPG 7.1.6.3)

Answer 399

**Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP)** may be negotiated when the project design is in the early design phase such as design development and may be only sufficiently complete to allow adequate project definition. A contingency amount in the project budget should be included to allow for the inevitable changes and a resulting increase to the GMP. (PDPG 7.1.6.3)

Answer 400

The person who makes a guaranty; one who becomes secondarily liable for another’s debt or performance in contrast with a strict surety who is primarily liable with the principal debtor. (PDPG 11.3.18.1 Spec PG 15.1.1)

Answer 401

To undertake collaterally to answer for the payment of another’s debt or the performance of another’s duty, liability, or obligation; to assume the responsibility of a guarantor; to warrant (PDPG 11.3.18.1 Spec PG 15.1.1)

Answer 402

Once a product has been selected, many electronic programs can be used to prepare a specification. In the simplest form, a product guide specification is edited by deleting irrelevant data from existing master text. Additional information and requirements can also be added to the electronic specification. (CSPG 10.1)

Answer 403

Many manufacturers offer suggested guide specifications to relieve the A/E from some of the tasks of researching and writing a particular specification section implies. The procurement requirements, contracting forms, and conditions of the contract are usually included. (CSPG 1.4.1)

Answer 404

Once a product has been selected, many electronic programs can be used to prepare a specification. In the simplest form, a product guide specification is edited by deleting irrelevant data from existing master text. Additional information and requirements can also be added to the electronic specification. (CSPG 10.1)

Answer 405

These surveys are conducted by experts to determine the extent of hazardous conditions on the site. (PDPG 6.3.3.2)

Answer 406

**Health, Safety, and Welfare Requirements** Topics of health, safety, and welfare regulation that should be of primary concern to the design and construction team include: * Fire and life safety requirements * Occupational safety and health requirements * Accessibility requirements * Health and sanitary requirements (CPRPG 6.3.1.3)

Answer 407

**History** of the product and manufacturing company as well as reprints of articles, reports related to the product, and a list of projects using it. (CPRPG 2.12.2)

Answer 408

A contract under which legal liability of one party for damages is assumed by the other party to the contract. The basic types of such agreements are as follows: 1) Limited Form, where party A reaffirms responsibility for his own negligent acts. Party B is, thus, protected when he is held vicariously responsible. 2) Intermediate Form, where party A reaffirms responsibility for his own acts and agrees to share responsibility for joint and concurrent negligence of both parties. 3) Broad Form, where party A reaffirms responsibility for all liability, including that arising out of the sole negligence of Party B. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)

Answer 409

Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning

Answer 410

International Electromechanical Commission

Answer 411

**Impact Studies** are the feasibility of a project is also directly related to the impact it will have on the project site and surrounding community. Impact studies address: Operations, Relocation, Environmental Impact, Community and Public Facilities Impact, and Economic Impact. (PDPG 6.3.2)

Answer 412

**Imperative Mood** is the recommended method for instructions covering the installation of products and equipment. The verb that clearly defines the action becomes the first word in the sentence. (PDPG 11.3.5.2 Spec PG 2.5.1)

Answer 413

**Implied Warranty** is a promise arising by operation of law that something that is sold shall be merchantable and fit for the purpose for which the seller has reason to know that it is required. (PDPG 11.3.16.3; PDPG 11.3.18.1; Spec PG 15.1.1)

Answer 414

**Indemnify** is to restore in whole or in part the victim of a loss by payment, repair, or replacement. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)

Answer 415

**Indemnity Agreement** between the principal and the surety whereby the principal guarantees the surety that the surety will incur no loss by reason of its providing the bond. (PDPG 11.3.5.2 Spec PG 16.2)

Answer 416

See Hold Harmless Agreement. (PDPG 11.3.20.1)

Answer 417

Restoration to the victim of a loss up to the amount of the loss (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)

Answer 418

**Independent Consultants** are usually hired on a one-time contract basis to perform a specific task and may perform their specialty service for numerous companies. (CPRPG 2.5.5)

Answer 419

**Independent Sales Representatives typically** have established contacts with A/Es, Contractors, subcontractors, and perhaps Owners within a defined geographical area. (CPRPG 2.5.2)

Answer 420

Informational submittals are submittals not requiring responsive action by the A/E. (PDPG 13.6.3.2 pg. 405-406) * Coordination drawings * Certificates * Design and delegated design data * Test and evaluation reports * Manufacturer’s instructions * Manufacturer’s reports * Sustainable design reports * Qualification statements * Construction photographs

Answer 421

**Informational Update** library update, or routine call is an unsolicited call on a previously visited company to update product information. (CPRPG 2.16.2)

Answer 422

**Initial Decision Maker AIA A 201 1.1.8** “The Initial Decision Maker is the person identified in the agreement to render initial decisions on claims…”

Answer 423

**Inspect** means to examine carefully and critically, especially for defects (CCAPG 6)

Answer 424

**Inspection (Quality Control)** may include a checklist of items to be verified by inspection of products at their source. The qualifications of the inspector are significant when inspections require judgments based upon experience and knowledge of a particular field. (Spec PG 1.8.4)

Answer 425

**Inspections** * **A/E Inspections** The standard AIA and EJCDC documents limit the number of inspections required of the A/E to two. These inspections are to determine the dates of substantial and final completion, which are part of project closeout. (CAPG 6.2.4 pg. 108) * **Regulatory Inspections** Regulatory inspections and approvals are critical to the project proceeding on schedule. Inspections such as concrete, reinforcing, structural framing, insulation, elevator, mechanical, plumbing, fire protection, electrical rough-in, and others are included in the Contractor’s construction progress schedule so they are planned for and appropriate advance notice is given to the AHJs. (CAPG 3.5.3 pg. 66) * **Special Inspections** Applicable codes may require the Owner to provide special inspections and testing for certain portions of the project. The Owner may rely on the A/E for assistance in securing names and proposals for these services from independent testing laboratories and inspection agencies. The A/E may need to monitor these testing and inspection services to verify that required tests and inspections are taking place in a timely manner and that communication and reporting among the Contractor, the testing agency, and the Owner are taking place…It is typical for independent testing and inspection agencies to make required tests and inspections on behalf of the Owner and to submit certifications of compliance with the contract documents and governing codes to the AHJs. (CAPG 6.4.1 pg. 110 -11) * **Contractor’s Inspections** The Contractor should perform regular inspections throughout the project, to ensure that the project is being constructed per the contract documents. This means that in addition to supervising and inspecting the Contractor’s own work, it is also the Contractor’s responsibility to inspect the work of those under the Contractor’s control. The fact that the Contractor did not perform an element of work with the Contractor’s own forces does not excuse the Contractor from compliance with the contract documents. (CAPG 9.10.5 pg. 184-185)

Answer 426

The standard AIA and EJCDC documents limit the number of inspections required of the A/E to two. These inspections are to determine the dates of substantial and final completion, which are part of project closeout. (CCAPG 6.2.4)

Answer 427

The standard Owner-Contractor agreements require the Contractor to make inspections and to arrange for certain other inspections. The Contractor: Inspects portions of work already completed to ensure they are ready for subsequent work; Obtains necessary inspections; required by the AHJ's and prepares the initial punch list for substantial completion. (CCAPG 6.3.2)

Answer 428

**Inspections** may include a checklist of items to be verified by inspection of products at their source. (CSPG 1.8.4)

Answer 429

Once a product has been selected, many electronic programs can be used to prepare a specification. In the simplest form, a product guide specification is edited by deleting irrelevant data from existing master text. Additional information and requirements can also be added to the electronic specification. (CSPG 1.8.4)

Answer 430

**Inspections** may include a checklist of items to be verified by inspection of products at their source. (CSPG 1.8.4)

Answer 431

**Install** means to place in position for service or use. (Spec 2.3)

Answer 432

Determine whether the manufacturer’s directions for installation cover the particular conditions of the project and whether there are alternate methods that must be designated in the specifications. Consider availability of skilled workers and complexity of installation. Determine what the preparatory and finishing requirements are for the product. (CSPG 1.4.2)

Answer 433

Manufacturer’s directions for installation cover the particular conditions of the project and whether there are alternate methods that must be designated in the specifications. (CSPG 1.4.2)

Answer 434

Usually written to cover machinery and equipment of all kinds during transit, installation, and testing at the purchaser’s premises. (Spec PG 17.7)

Answer 435

**Installation Information** is instructions and diagrams. Lists of qualified and approved installers and applicators may be included; however, such lists are difficult to keep current and vary from region to region. (CPRPG 2.12.2)

Answer 436

The instructions to bidders are the requirements with which bidders must comply before and during submission of bids. (PDPG 11.4.4)

Answer 437

**Instructions to Bidders** are the requirements with which bidders must comply before and during submission of bids (PDPG 11.4.4)

Answer 438

**Instruments of Service AIA A 201 1.1.7** are representations, in any medium of expression now known or later developed, of the tangible and intangible creative work performed by the Architect and the Architect’s consultants under their respective professional services agreements. Instruments may include, without limitation, studies, surveys, sketches, drawings, specifications, and other similar materials.

Answer 439

An interest by the insured person in the value of the subject of insurance, including any legal or financial relationship. Insurable interest usually results from property rights, contract rights, and potential legal liability. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)

Answer 440

A contractual relationship that exists when one party (the insurer), for a consideration (the premium), agrees to reimburse another party (the insured) for loss to a specified subject (the risk) caused by designated contingencies (hazards or perils). (PDPG 11.3.20.1)

Answer 441

**Insure** is to issue or procure an insurance policy. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)

Answer 442

The person(s) protected under an insurance contract. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)

Answer 443

Indemnify participants against financial losses resulting from construction-related risks (PDPG 11.3.20.1, CPRPG 4.2)

Answer 444

**Integrated Project Delivery** (IPD) requires early collaborative contributions during the design phases of what are traditionally late applications of expertise. Contractors, facility managers, subcontractors, manufacturers, and suppliers become involved with the design team in the design process. Decisions are usually made based on the appropriate solutions for the project and the Owner’s needs rather than solely on first cost. The early involvement of more “team members” creates synergy and allows the project to yield the highest potential of good design and construction solutions meeting the Owner’s requirements. (CAPG 1.4.5 pg. 16)

Answer 445

**Integrated Project Delivery** is a project delivery approach that integrates people, systems, business structures and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to optimize project results, increase value to the Owner, reduce waste, and maximize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication, and construction. (PDPG 7.7)

Answer 446

**Interior Designer (Architect)** Design Team - (Services may be provided by an interior design consultant outside the firm) (PDPG 2.3.1.5) * Creates the aesthetic design for the interiors of the project * Makes recommendations for interior finishes including color coordination * Designs interior spaces and furniture layouts * Meets with product representatives or suppliers * Selects materials and products and, subject to Owner approval, has decision-making power for the interior design * May or may not be involved with the construction documents or construction administration

Answer 447

**Interior Designer (Architect)** may become a member of the project design team in many ways. This person may be as an employee of the A/E, or hired by the A/E, or Owner as a consultant. The interior designer provides recommendations on interior finishes, designs interior spaces and furniture layouts, prepares or reviews interior-related specifications for conformance with the design intention, and assists the A/E or Owner with color selections. (PDPG 2.3.1.5, CPRPG 2.6.2))

Answer 448

**Interior Finishes** is ornamental metal, carpentry, woodwork, partitions, tile, ceilings, paint, wall covering, specialties, and other finish items. Interior finishes may be one of the last packages developed. (CPRPG 5.3.3.3)

Answer 449

**Invitation to Bid** is intended to attract qualified bidders and to help prospective bidders decide whether to obtain the procurement documents. (PDPG 11.4.3)

Answer 450

By the nature of the IPD process, there may be multiple modifications to products, systems, or elements of the facility. These modifications typically occur during the design process and involve the entire team. (PDPG 13.9.3.2)

Answer 451

The International Organization of Standardization (ISO) developed ISO 9000. It is a series of related standards, which has become an internationally accepted framework for developing internal improvement procedures based on quality management and quality assurance. The standard is written in broad terms to cover various aspects of manufacturing and service industries. Compliance is established by third party independent certification such as Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (PDPG 8.9.3)

Answer 452

**Isometric** is a type of drawing that shows horizontal and vertical surfaces not in perspective, but equally foreshortened in all three dimensions. (PDPG 11.2.4.3)

Answer 453

Items that are not in the contract but are required in order to complete the project need to be included in the construction progress schedule. (CPRPG 9.7.4.8.6)

Answer 454

**Job Captain (Architect)** Design Team - (PDPG 2.3.1.7) * Probably does not have client contact * Works primarily for the project architect to produce the construction drawings; may direct the work of the drafters, but has no other management responsibilities * Has no decision-making power or influence over the aesthetic design, construction documents, or construction administration

Answer 455

**Judicial Reference** is the process provided for by statute in a number of states. The statutes establish the authority for an independent private party, usually a lawyer or retired judge, to be retained to decide the matter. Avenues of appeal are the same as if the case was heard and decided in the judicial system. (CCAPG 10.5.4)

Answer 456

**Landscape Architect** Design Team - (PDPG 2.3.7) * Is responsible for the aesthetic and technical design of the trees, shrubs, lawns, plants, furnishings, plazas, courtyards, and visual improvements to exterior areas of the site * Provides construction drawings and specifications * Participates in construction administration

Answer 457

**Landscaping** is lawns, planting, curbs, gutters, paving, and site improvements such as benches and accessories. (CPRPG 5.3.3.3)

Answer 458

**Layout Technician** Contractor Team - Establishes, monitors, and maintains dimensional and benchmark control over the work (PDPG 2.4.1.6)

Answer 459

**Lead Time** is the amount of time required from receipt of a purchase order by a vendor manufacturer to the time the product is delivered to the site for installation. (PDPG 10.2.3.2, CPRPG 6.4)

Answer 460

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. (CSPG 7.5.8, 12.3, CPRPG 12.3.1)

Answer 461

**Level 2 Titles** listed in MasterFormat^® are considered broad scope. (CSPG 10.4.1)

Answer 462

**Level 3 Titles** listed in MasterFormat^® permit a detailed subdivision of the specifications, making a considerably more modular system. (CSPG 10.4.1)

Answer 463

**Liability Insurance** paying or rendering service on behalf of an insured for loss arising out of legal liability to others. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)

Answer 464

**Liability Insurance** are liability policies protect the named insured from losses arising out of legal liability to others caused by the insured’s activities. (PDPG 11.3.20.1)

Answer 465

Many AHJs require Contractors to post bonds before they are allowed to operate as Contractors. Certain Contractors, such as heavy construction, excavation, and underground utility Contractors, are often required to post bonds to ensure that the disturbance to an existing public roadway will be replaced or repaired in the exact manner prescribed by the AHJ. (CCAPG 3.4.3, CPRPG 9.7.4.3.4)

Answer 466

**Lien** is the legal right of a party or claimant, such as a subcontractor, to control the improved property of another or have it sold for payment of a claim. (PDPG 13.12.12 CCAPG 11.12)

Answer 467

**Lien Bonds** indemnify the Owner against the cost to remove liens filed against the facility by the Contractor, subcontractors, suppliers, and their employees. (CCAPG 3.4.3, CPRPG 9.7.4.3.2)

Answer 468

**Lien** is the legal right of a party, such as a subcontractor, to claim a security interest in the project or have it sold for payment of a claim. (PDPG 13.12.12 Spec PG 16.2)

Answer 469

**Liens** typically, if a Contractor, subcontractor, sub-subcontractor, or material supplier is not paid, they have a right to file a lien against the property where the project was performed. (CAPG 11.12.1 pg. 228)

Answer 470

**Life Cycle Costing** analysis examines the relationship between present and future value of facilities and the equipment. This process is frequently used as the basis for making capital investments. The total sum of the initial investment, the cost of maintaining that asset over the expected life of the investment, operating costs, and costs of repair and replacement are added to the total cost of the equipment or the facility under consideration. (PDPG 8.12)

Answer 471

**Life Cycle Costs** are the estimated expenses for a project, or a specific material, equipment, or system, including: Design, construction, operation, maintenance and resale, demolition, or salvage. Life cycle costs are based on the total cost of Ownership rather than just the initial cost. (PDPG 8.12, CPRPG 6.7.6)

Answer 472

**Lighting Consultant** Design Team - Advises, assists, and makes recommendations for lighting portions of the facilities, frequently to emphasize the facility design or to focus on an accent (PDPG 2.3.21)

Answer 473

The standard agreement forms and general conditions also have limitations on A/E responsibility. These state that the A/E is: * Not responsible for continuous inspection * Not responsible for construction means and methods * Not responsible for project site safety * Not responsible for Contractor’s failure to perform * Not authorized to stop the work of the Contractor (CPRPG 9.10.3.2)

Answer 474

The maximum amount that an insurance company agrees to pay in the case of loss. (PDPG 11.3.20.1)

Answer 475

A written warranty that fails to meet one or more of the minimum standards for a full warranty. An example is a warranty limited to labor or to materials for a specified time, commonly given by automobile dealers in connection with sale of used cars. (Spec PG 15.1.1)