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Biology > Module 6: Genetics Evolution and Ecosystems > Flashcards

Module 6: Genetics Evolution and Ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

What is Mutation?

A

Mutation is a change to nucleotides of DNA which could result in the formation of a non-functional protein.

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2
Q

What is Gene Mutation?

A

Gene mutation is a change to DNA base sequence.

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3
Q

What are more likely to cause mutations?

A

Mutagenic Agents: These work by intefering with DNA replicaion during transcription e.g
-High energy radiation (UV light),
-Ionizing radiation (Gamma rays and X rays)
-Chemicals (carcinogens such as mustard gas and cigarette smoke).

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4
Q

What is an operon?

A

A cluster of genes under the control of a promoter.

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5
Q

What structural detail of a polypeptide is altered by gene mutations.

A

– The sequence of amino acids/ primary structure

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6
Q

What is a frameshift?

A

Frameshift is the addition or deletion of a base resulting in the subsequent codons to be altered.

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7
Q

Original:TAC TTC AGG TGG

Mutation:TAC TCA GGT GG

What type of mutation is this?

A

Deletion

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8
Q

Original:TAC TTC AGG TGG

Mutation:TAC ATT CAG GTG G

What type of mutation is this?

A

Addition

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9
Q

Original:TAC TTC AGG TGG

Mutation:TAC ATC AGG TGG

What type of mutation is this?

A

Substitution

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10
Q

What do transcription factors do?

A

Transcription factors control the expression of genes by controlling which gene is turned on or off during transcription.

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11
Q

What mechanism controls production of lactase ?

A

Lac operon.

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12
Q

How it is possible for a mutation to have no effect on the protein produced from that gene

A

– If the mutation occurs in the intron
– More than one codon codes for an amino acid/the genetic code is degenerate
– Some amino acids won’t alter the shape of the protein

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of point mutations?

A

– Substitution
– Insertion
– Deletion

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14
Q

What does the statement “the genetic code is degenerate” mean?

A

This means that more than one codon can code for an amino acid so point(substitution) mutations may have no effect and a nrmal functioning protein can still be made

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15
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

This is when the protein that is being coded for is abruptly put to a stop so the polypeptide is no longer coded for.

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16
Q

What is a promoter

A

This is a DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds to

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17
Q

What is an Operator?

A

This a DNA sequence where the repressor protein binds to

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18
Q

What are Introns?

A

Inrons are sections of DNA that do not code for a protein

19
Q

What is decomposition?

A

Decomposition is the break down of dead organic matter by bacteria (saprobionts)

20
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

Nitrogen fixation is when nitrogen in the air is converted into nitrogen in plants by the bacteria- rhizobium and azobacter.

21
Q

What is nitrification?

A

Nitrification is when ammonia in plants are converted into nitrites by nitrozomas and then into nitrates by nitrobacters

22
Q

What is denitrification?

A

Denitrification is when ammonium ion (nitrates) are turned into nitrogen in the air by denitrifying bacteria

23
Q

What is a climax comunity?

A

A climax community is the dominant species formed after the pioneer species have died.

24
Q

What is a pioneer community?

A

A species that arrive before the climax community hence they have less biodiversity.

25
Q

How is an allele spread thoughout the population?

A

– Variation occurs within the popuation
– Organisms with alleles which give them characteristics most suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce to give
a fertile offspring. Hence, they can pass on the advantageous allele.
– Selection pressure occurs so overtime, the frequency of the advantageous allele increases in the population

26
Q

What is likely to cause variation within a population?

A

Mutation

27
Q

What can result in the formation of a new species?

A

Gene mutation.
Selection pressure.
A change in the environment.

28
Q

What are the advantages of using immobilised enzymes?

A

– Enzymes can be reused
– Enzymes remain active over a wider range of temperature
– The product is not contaminated by enzymes

29
Q

What chemical is produced by plants in response to attack by pathogens?

A

– Callose

30
Q

Whatare the properties of cellulose?

A

– High tensile strength
– Inflexible
– Insoluble in water

31
Q

Steps of gel electrophoreis…

A

– Load the samples unto the agarose gel
– Apply voltage for a set time
– Stain the gel
– Photograph the gel

32
Q

What precautions should be taken when preparing a bacterial culture in order to ensure that the procedure is aeseptic?

A

– Pass the bacterial culture bottle over flame
– Do not set the lid of the bacterial culture bottle on the sterilised surface
– Wash hands
– Wear gloves
– Use sterile equipment
– Disinfect surfaces
– Use a bunsen to create an upwards air flow

33
Q

What are the precautions that should be taken when preparing a bacterial culture in order to ensure the procedure is aeseptic?

A

– Pass the bottle of the bacterial culture over flame
– Do not set the lid of the bacterial culture on the sterilised surface
– Was your hands
– Sterilise surface
– Use sterile equipment
– Disinfect surfaces
– Have a bunsen flame to create an upwards air flow

34
Q

what are some advantages of using microorganimsms in the production of food?

A

– No ethical issues
– Rapid growth
– Non-seasonal
– Suitable for vegeterians
– Takes up little space
– Low costs because they work at low temperatures

35
Q

Why is a cooling system necessary during fermentation?

A

– It prevents the enzymes from denaturing
– It inibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria

36
Q

What is a method that can be used to determine the concentration of protein in a solution?

A

Biosensor

37
Q

What is the name of the gene responsible for controlling body plan in multicellular organisms?

A

Homeobox gene

38
Q

Outline how to use a colorimeter to determine the concentration of protein in a solution

A

– Zero the colorimeter
– Use known concentrations of protein solutions
– Plot a calibration curve
– Measure the absorbance of the unknown sample
– Compare with the calibration graph

39
Q

What is species eveness?

A

The relative abundance of each species in an area.

40
Q

Suggest a reason other than epistasis on why the phenotypic ratio might not be 9:3:3:1?

A

– Sex linkage
– Both genes are on the same chromosome

41
Q

What ia an allele?

A

– An allele is a different version of a gene

42
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The alleles an organism has

43
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

– A characteristic an allele produces

Biology (5 decks)

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