Module 6: Correlation and Regression Flashcards
Simpson’s Paradox
A counterintuitive situation in which a trend in different groups of data disappears or reverses when the groups are combined.
coordinate plane
A tool for graphing consisting of a horizontal x-axis and a vertical y-axis.
simple linear regression
The prediction of one response variable’s value from one or more explanatory variables’ value when there is a linear relationship between the two variables.
sampling frame
The list of all people or things that may be included in the statistical study.
significance level
The p-value cutoff for statistical significance. Any p-value below the set significance level is considered statistically significant.
cluster sample
Similar to stratified sample, but researchers select entire chunks or clusters of the population to obtain the study sample.
observational study
The researcher observes if there is an association between variables. There is no treatment or control group.
significant difference
A measurable difference between two groups or samples that reflects a real difference, rather than the difference being by chance.
correlation
An observed relationship between two quantitative variables. While this is most commonly a linear relationship, it does not need to be. Note that observing a relationship does NOT imply that there is a meaningful causal link between the variables.
p-value
The probability that a result was caused by chance.
regression analysis
A statistical analysis tool that quantifies the relationship between a response variable and one or more explanatory variables.
sampling method
The technique used to select people within the sampling frame.
causal relationship
A relationship between two variables that can be classified as cause-and-effect.
representative sample
A subset of the population with similar characteristics to the entire population.
population
All subjects in the study which have the characteristics being evaluated.