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A-Level OCR Chemistry > Module 6: Chapter 27 (Amines, Amino Acids and Polymers) > Flashcards

Module 6: Chapter 27 (Amines, Amino Acids and Polymers) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are amines?

A

Organic compounds based on ammonia where 1 or more ammonia H-atoms have been replaced by a carbon chain or ring

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2
Q

What are aliphatic amines?

A

Have straight or branched carbon chains, or non aromatic rings joined to the N-atom e.g. H-(H-)N-CH3

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3
Q

What are aromatic amines?

A

Have at least one aryl group (aromatic ring) attached to the N-atom, e.g. a benzene ring

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4
Q

What is the ammonia molecule?

A

NH3

  • pyramidal
  • bond angle of 107 degrees (lone pair repels more than the bonded pairs)
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5
Q

What is a primary amine?

A

An organic compound with an N atom bonded to 1 alkyl or aryl groups

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6
Q

What is a secondary amine?

A

An organic compound with an N atom bonded to 2 alkyl or aryl groups

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7
Q

What is a tertiary amine?

A

An organic compound with an N atom bonded to 3 alkyl or aryl groups

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8
Q

How do you name primary amines when the -NH2 is at the END of the chain?

A

Alkyl group as the prefix and “-amine” as the suffix

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9
Q

What is the systematic name for CH3NH2?

A

Methylamine

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10
Q

What is the systematic name for CH3CH2CH2NH2?

A

Propylamine

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11
Q

What is the systematic name for C6H5NH2?

A

Phenylamine

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12
Q

How do you name primary amines when the -NH2 is NOT at the end of the chain?

A

‘placement of NH2 in carbon chain - amino’ as the prefix and the name of the longest carbon chain as an alkane as the suffix

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13
Q

What is the systematic name for CH3CH2CH(NH2)CH3?

A

2-aminobutane

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14
Q

What is the systematic name for H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2NH2?

A

1,4-diaminobutane

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15
Q

What is the systematic name for CH3CH2CH(NH2)CH2NH2?

A

1,2-diaminobutane

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16
Q

How do you name secondary amines with one -NH group?

A

Di-alkyl group as prefix and then ‘amine as suffix

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17
Q

How you name tertiary amines with one N?

A

Tri-alkyl group as a prefix and then ‘amine’ as a suffix

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18
Q

What is the systematic name for (CH3CH2CH2)2N-H?

A

Dipropylamine

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19
Q

What is the systematic name for (C6H5)2N-H?

A

Diphenylamine

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20
Q

What is the systematic name for (CH3CH2CH2)3N?

A

Tripropylamine

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21
Q

What is the systematic name for (C6H5)3N?

A

Triphenylamine

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22
Q

How do you name secondary and tertiary amines with mixed R groups?

A
  • giving the longest carbon chain the suffix of amine (e.g. propylamine)
  • giving the shorter chain(s) as N-prefix in alphabetical order (e.g. N-ethyl-N-methyl)

N-ethyl-N-methylpropylamine

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23
Q

What is the ionic equation of ammonia being added to an acid?

A

NH3 + H+ -> NH4+

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24
Q

What is the shape of an ammonium ion?

A

Tetrahedral

109.5 bond angle

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25
Q

Why are amines useful bases?

A

The lone pair of electrons on the N atom can be used to accept protons (proton acceptors)

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26
Q

Show the reaction of methylamine and hydrochloric acid?

A

CH3NH2 + HCl -> CH3NH3+Cl-

methylammonium chloride is made (a salt)

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27
Q

Show the reaction of dimethylamine and sulfuric acid?

A

2(CH3)2NH2 + H2SO4 -> ((CH3)2NH3+)2SO4^2-

dimethylammonium sulfate is formed (salt)

28
Q

Show the reaction of 1,2-diaminoethane and nitric acid (in excess)?

A

NH2CH2CH2NH2 + HNO3 -> NO3^-(+H3NCH2CH2NH3+)NO3^-

1,2-diammoniumethane dinitrate

29
Q

How do you make primary amines?

A

Ammonia can react as a nucleophile to replace the halogen on a haloalkane with the -NH2 group

30
Q

What is a nucelophile?

A

An electron pair DONOR

31
Q

What are the two steps in the formation of primary amines?

A
  1. Salt formation - add excess ammonia to the haloalkane in an alcohol solvent (“ethanolic ammonia”)
  2. Amine formation - add aqueous alkali (NaOH) to liberate the amine from the salt
32
Q

Why is excess ammonia added to the haloalkane?

A

Excess NH3 helps prevent the amine product from reaching with more haloalkane molecules to form secondary and tertiary amines

33
Q

How do you make a secondary amine?

A

React an excess of primary amine with a suitable haloalkane to add the second alkyl group
Then liberate the amine by adding aqueous alkali (NaOH)
Alcohol used here as a solvent

34
Q

What are the 2 steps of making secondary amines?

A

CHH2N: -> partial positive dipole on the alkyl group chlorine of haloalkane, electrons move from bond to halogen with partially negative dipole -> makes a positively charged molecule and a negatively charged halogen

Add NaOH, removes the charges by removing one of the hydrogen atoms to form Na-M and water (M=halogen present)

35
Q

What is phenylamine?

A

-NH2 attached to a benzene ring

36
Q

How are aromatic amines made?

A

Reduction of nitroarenes

37
Q

What are nitroarenes?

A

Have the nitro, -NO2, group attached to an aromatic ring

38
Q

What is the equation for the reduction of an nitroarene?

A

nitrobenzene + 6[H] -> phenylamine + 2H2O

6[H] per nitrobenzene molecule

39
Q

What are the reagents and conditions of the formation of aromatic amines?

A

reagents: tin metal(Sn) in concentrated hydrochloric acid Sn/HClconc.
conditions: heat under reflux

40
Q

What are the steps for the formation of aromatic amines?

A

step 1: heat under reflux with Sn/HCl concentrated

step 2: add aqueous alkali to free the amine from its acid salt

41
Q

What is the structure of an amide?

A

RCONH2

42
Q

What’s the amide linkage?

A

-CONH-

43
Q

What is a primary amide?

A

Only one C atom is directly bonded to the N

CONH2

44
Q

What is a secondary amide?

A

2 C atoms directly bonded to the N

CONH

45
Q

What is a tertiary amide?

A

3 C atoms bonded directly to the N

CON

46
Q

What is the general formula for alpha amino acids?

A

H2CH(R)COOH

47
Q

What does the carboxyl group in the amino acid do?

A

esterification and neutralisation reactions

loses -OH or just H

48
Q

What does the amino group in the amino acid do?

A

Lone pair of electrons on the N

Can be a proton accept (base) = neutralisation

49
Q

How do you name amino acids?

A

COOH group has highest priority so that carbon becomes first in the chain
NH2 amide group = amino
usually 2-amino(longest carbon chain)oic acid
any other alkyl groups or functional groups put into usual order in alphabetical order

50
Q

What is the reaction of amino acids + acids?

A

Amino acids + acids -> ammonium salts

Amine group acts as a base (proton acceptor)

51
Q

H2NCH2COOH + HCl ?

A

H2NCH2COOH + HCl -> Cl-+H3NCH2COOH

52
Q

What is the reaction of amino acids + alkalis/bases?

A

amino acids + alkalis/bases -> salts

carboxylic acid acts as an acid

53
Q

What is the reaction of amino acids + alcohols?

A

Amino acids + alcohol -> esters + H2O

carboxylic acid reacts

54
Q

What if the alcohol reacting with the amino acid is in excess?

A

H+ ions react with NH2 to create NH3+

55
Q

What is an amide?

A

Amides are made from the reaction of acyl chlorides with either ammonia or an amine

56
Q

How is a primary amide formed?

A

Made by reacting excess concentrated ammonia with a suitable acyl chloride

e.g. ethanoyl chloride + 2NH3 -> CH3CONH2 + NH4+cl

57
Q

How is a secondary amide formed?

A

Made by reacting excess primary amine with a suitable acyl chloride

58
Q

How are tertiary amides formed?

A

are made by reacting excess secondary amine with a suitable

acyl chloride: CH3COCl + 2 (CH3)2NH -> CH3CON(CH3)2 + (CH3)2NH2+Cl

59
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Have the same structural formula but a different arrangement of their atoms in space

includes E/Z isomerism and optical isomers

60
Q

What must be present for optical isomers?

A

A chiral centre

61
Q

What is a chiral centre?

A

Usually a carbon joined to 4 other different atoms or to 4 different groups of atoms

  • any C atom with 2 or more identical groups will not be chiral
  • no C involved in a triple or double bond, or in an aromatic ring can be chiral
62
Q

Explain what is meant by condensation polymerisation

A

2 monomers join to produce a polymer with the loss of 1 small molecule

63
Q

Explain what is meant by optical isomers

A

2 molecules that are super non-imposed mirror images

64
Q

What is a polyester?

A

Polymer containing monomer units joined by ester linkages

65
Q

What is meant by α-amino acid?

A

The amine group is attached to the carbon atom adjacent to the carboxyl group

66
Q

Amine + acyl chloride?

A

AMIDE

67
Q

What is meant by addition polymerisation?

A

No molecule is lost during polymerisation (2 monomers join to form a polymer, one product)

A-Level OCR Chemistry (21 decks)

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