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A-Level OCR Chemistry > Module 6: Chapter 27 (Amines, Amino Acids and Polymers) > Flashcards

Module 6: Chapter 27 (Amines, Amino Acids and Polymers) Flashcards

1
Q

What are amines?

A

Organic compounds based on ammonia where 1 or more ammonia H-atoms have been replaced by a carbon chain or ring

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2
Q

What are aliphatic amines?

A

Have straight or branched carbon chains, or non aromatic rings joined to the N-atom e.g. H-(H-)N-CH3

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3
Q

What are aromatic amines?

A

Have at least one aryl group (aromatic ring) attached to the N-atom, e.g. a benzene ring

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4
Q

What is the ammonia molecule?

A

NH3

  • pyramidal
  • bond angle of 107 degrees (lone pair repels more than the bonded pairs)
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5
Q

What is a primary amine?

A

An organic compound with an N atom bonded to 1 alkyl or aryl groups

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6
Q

What is a secondary amine?

A

An organic compound with an N atom bonded to 2 alkyl or aryl groups

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7
Q

What is a tertiary amine?

A

An organic compound with an N atom bonded to 3 alkyl or aryl groups

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8
Q

How do you name primary amines when the -NH2 is at the END of the chain?

A

Alkyl group as the prefix and “-amine” as the suffix

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9
Q

What is the systematic name for CH3NH2?

A

Methylamine

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10
Q

What is the systematic name for CH3CH2CH2NH2?

A

Propylamine

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11
Q

What is the systematic name for C6H5NH2?

A

Phenylamine

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12
Q

How do you name primary amines when the -NH2 is NOT at the end of the chain?

A

‘placement of NH2 in carbon chain - amino’ as the prefix and the name of the longest carbon chain as an alkane as the suffix

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13
Q

What is the systematic name for CH3CH2CH(NH2)CH3?

A

2-aminobutane

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14
Q

What is the systematic name for H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2NH2?

A

1,4-diaminobutane

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15
Q

What is the systematic name for CH3CH2CH(NH2)CH2NH2?

A

1,2-diaminobutane

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16
Q

How do you name secondary amines with one -NH group?

A

Di-alkyl group as prefix and then ‘amine as suffix

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17
Q

How you name tertiary amines with one N?

A

Tri-alkyl group as a prefix and then ‘amine’ as a suffix

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18
Q

What is the systematic name for (CH3CH2CH2)2N-H?

A

Dipropylamine

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19
Q

What is the systematic name for (C6H5)2N-H?

A

Diphenylamine

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20
Q

What is the systematic name for (CH3CH2CH2)3N?

A

Tripropylamine

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21
Q

What is the systematic name for (C6H5)3N?

A

Triphenylamine

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22
Q

How do you name secondary and tertiary amines with mixed R groups?

A
  • giving the longest carbon chain the suffix of amine (e.g. propylamine)
  • giving the shorter chain(s) as N-prefix in alphabetical order (e.g. N-ethyl-N-methyl)

N-ethyl-N-methylpropylamine

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23
Q

What is the ionic equation of ammonia being added to an acid?

A

NH3 + H+ -> NH4+

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24
Q

What is the shape of an ammonium ion?

A

Tetrahedral

109.5 bond angle

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25
Why are amines useful bases?
The lone pair of electrons on the N atom can be used to accept protons (proton acceptors)
26
Show the reaction of methylamine and hydrochloric acid?
CH3NH2 + HCl -> CH3NH3+Cl- | methylammonium chloride is made (a salt)
27
Show the reaction of dimethylamine and sulfuric acid?
2(CH3)2NH2 + H2SO4 -> ((CH3)2NH3+)2SO4^2- | dimethylammonium sulfate is formed (salt)
28
Show the reaction of 1,2-diaminoethane and nitric acid (in excess)?
NH2CH2CH2NH2 + HNO3 -> NO3^-(+H3NCH2CH2NH3+)NO3^- | 1,2-diammoniumethane dinitrate
29
How do you make primary amines?
Ammonia can react as a nucleophile to replace the halogen on a haloalkane with the -NH2 group
30
What is a nucelophile?
An electron pair DONOR
31
What are the two steps in the formation of primary amines?
1. Salt formation - add excess ammonia to the haloalkane in an alcohol solvent ("ethanolic ammonia") 2. Amine formation - add aqueous alkali (NaOH) to liberate the amine from the salt
32
Why is excess ammonia added to the haloalkane?
Excess NH3 helps prevent the amine product from reaching with more haloalkane molecules to form secondary and tertiary amines
33
How do you make a secondary amine?
React an excess of primary amine with a suitable haloalkane to add the second alkyl group Then liberate the amine by adding aqueous alkali (NaOH) Alcohol used here as a solvent
34
What are the 2 steps of making secondary amines?
CHH2N: -> partial positive dipole on the alkyl group chlorine of haloalkane, electrons move from bond to halogen with partially negative dipole -> makes a positively charged molecule and a negatively charged halogen Add NaOH, removes the charges by removing one of the hydrogen atoms to form Na-M and water (M=halogen present)
35
What is phenylamine?
-NH2 attached to a benzene ring
36
How are aromatic amines made?
Reduction of nitroarenes
37
What are nitroarenes?
Have the nitro, -NO2, group attached to an aromatic ring
38
What is the equation for the reduction of an nitroarene?
nitrobenzene + 6[H] -> phenylamine + 2H2O 6[H] per nitrobenzene molecule
39
What are the reagents and conditions of the formation of aromatic amines?
reagents: tin metal(Sn) in concentrated hydrochloric acid Sn/HClconc. conditions: heat under reflux
40
What are the steps for the formation of aromatic amines?
step 1: heat under reflux with Sn/HCl concentrated | step 2: add aqueous alkali to free the amine from its acid salt
41
What is the structure of an amide?
RCONH2
42
What's the amide linkage?
-CONH-
43
What is a primary amide?
Only one C atom is directly bonded to the N | CONH2
44
What is a secondary amide?
2 C atoms directly bonded to the N | CONH
45
What is a tertiary amide?
3 C atoms bonded directly to the N | CON
46
What is the general formula for alpha amino acids?
H2CH(R)COOH
47
What does the carboxyl group in the amino acid do?
esterification and neutralisation reactions | loses -OH or just H
48
What does the amino group in the amino acid do?
Lone pair of electrons on the N | Can be a proton accept (base) = neutralisation
49
How do you name amino acids?
COOH group has highest priority so that carbon becomes first in the chain NH2 amide group = amino usually 2-amino(longest carbon chain)oic acid any other alkyl groups or functional groups put into usual order in alphabetical order
50
What is the reaction of amino acids + acids?
Amino acids + acids -> ammonium salts Amine group acts as a base (proton acceptor)
51
H2NCH2COOH + HCl ?
H2NCH2COOH + HCl -> Cl-+H3NCH2COOH
52
What is the reaction of amino acids + alkalis/bases?
amino acids + alkalis/bases -> salts carboxylic acid acts as an acid
53
What is the reaction of amino acids + alcohols?
Amino acids + alcohol -> esters + H2O carboxylic acid reacts
54
What if the alcohol reacting with the amino acid is in excess?
H+ ions react with NH2 to create NH3+
55
What is an amide?
Amides are made from the reaction of acyl chlorides with either ammonia or an amine
56
How is a primary amide formed?
Made by reacting excess concentrated ammonia with a suitable acyl chloride e.g. ethanoyl chloride + 2NH3 -> CH3CONH2 + NH4+cl
57
How is a secondary amide formed?
Made by reacting excess primary amine with a suitable acyl chloride
58
How are tertiary amides formed?
are made by reacting excess secondary amine with a suitable | acyl chloride: CH3COCl + 2 (CH3)2NH -> CH3CON(CH3)2 + (CH3)2NH2+Cl
59
What are stereoisomers?
Have the same structural formula but a different arrangement of their atoms in space includes E/Z isomerism and optical isomers
60
What must be present for optical isomers?
A chiral centre
61
What is a chiral centre?
Usually a carbon joined to 4 other different atoms or to 4 different groups of atoms - any C atom with 2 or more identical groups will not be chiral - no C involved in a triple or double bond, or in an aromatic ring can be chiral
62
Explain what is meant by condensation polymerisation
2 monomers join to produce a polymer with the loss of 1 small molecule
63
Explain what is meant by optical isomers
2 molecules that are super non-imposed mirror images
64
What is a polyester?
Polymer containing monomer units joined by ester linkages
65
What is meant by α-amino acid?
The amine group is attached to the carbon atom adjacent to the carboxyl group
66
Amine + acyl chloride?
AMIDE
67
What is meant by addition polymerisation?
No molecule is lost during polymerisation (2 monomers join to form a polymer, one product)

A-Level OCR Chemistry (21 decks)

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