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Bio 264 -- The Nervous System > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The peripheral nervous system is divided into ________?

A

Sensory and Motor divisions

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2
Q

The autonomic nervous system is divided into ________?

A

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic divisions

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3
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes the afferent division of the Peripheral nervous system?

A

Transports action potentials to the CNS

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4
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes the efferent division of the PNS?

A

Transmits impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle

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5
Q

Does Autonomic motor nerves innervate skeletal muscle

A

FALSE

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6
Q

Which division of the nervous system controls smooth and cardiac muscle?

A

Autonomic nervous system.

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7
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Bain and spine

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8
Q

What connects off of afferent neurons?

A

Sensory input

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9
Q

The two efferent neurons?

A

Autonomic Neurons & Somatic Motor Neurons

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10
Q

What does the somatic motor neurons do?

A

Controls skeletal muscles. It is anything we can control // control movement

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11
Q

What does automatic neurons do?

A

Everything that works on its own.

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12
Q

Examples of autonomic neurons?

A

Cardiac + smooth muscles (organs)

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13
Q

What is sympathetic?

A

Fight or flight (dilated pupils)

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14
Q

What is parasympathetic?

A

Rest or digest (lowering heart rate)

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15
Q

What branches of off sympathetic & parasympathetic?

A

Enteric Nervous System

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16
Q

Where is the Enteric Nervous System found? What does it do?

A

In your gut // moves you intestines // gastrointestinal tract

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17
Q

What is a neuron classified by?

A

Shape and function

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18
Q

What neuron is most abundant in your body due to function?

A

Interneurons

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19
Q

What is the main function of the neuron?

A

Send signals

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20
Q

What is the cell body called?

A

Soma

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21
Q

Anterograde Transort?

A

Soma —> Axon

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22
Q

Retrograde Transport?

A

Axon —-> Soma

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23
Q

Unipolar nerve cell?

A

One neck coming out of soma

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24
Q

Multipolar nerve cell?

A

Multiple necks coming out of soma

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25
Q

Bipolar nerve cell?

A

2 necks coming out of soma

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26
Q

What are the glial cells?

A

Supporting units

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27
Q

What are the 2 major parts the nervous system is divided into?

A

CNS & Peripheral Nervous System

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28
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Neurons associated with sensory input (afferent) and motor output (efferent)

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29
Q

Short, branched processes that extend from the cell body?

A

Dendrites

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30
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Function to receive information

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31
Q

A large process that extends from the cell body at a point of origin called the axon hillock and functions to send information?

A

Axon

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32
Q

A large process that extends from the cell body at a point of origin called the axon hillock and functions to send information?

A

Axon

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33
Q

Multipolar is the what division?

A

Efferent

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34
Q

Unipolar is the what division?

A

Sensory // afferent

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35
Q

99% of our neurons are _____?

A

Multipolar

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36
Q

Multipolar are found everywhere except for what division?

A

Sensory // afferent

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37
Q

Interneurons are located between _____ & ____

A

Sensory & motor neurons

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38
Q

3 types of neurons?

A

sensory, motor, and interneurons

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39
Q

What are the two synapses?

A

Chemical & Electrical

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40
Q

Controlled, more common, easier to control, precise in messages, use neurotransmitter/ chemical signals?

A

Chemical Synapse

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41
Q

Immediate, faster (group text), rare, mostly in heart and can be in brain?

A

Electrical

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42
Q

What uses gap junctions?

A

Electrical Synapses

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43
Q

What are gap junctions

A

The action potential goes directly from one neuron to the next

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44
Q

EPSP ad IPSP are _____?

A

Graded Potentials

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45
Q

What is depolarization?

A

EPSP (because it is excitatory)

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46
Q

Where does summation occur?

A

Axon hillock

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47
Q

Temporal summation

A

Rapidly repeated stimulus (has to do with time)

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48
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Spaced (multiple areas from action potentials to occur)

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49
Q

Is spatial or temporal summation faster?

A

Spatial

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50
Q

Ions fired close to the trigger zone with most likely cause a ____?

A

Action Potential

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51
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

ISPS (inhibitory)

52
Q

Like a sponge, regulate ECF (mostly K+), take extra neurotransmitters, blood brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

53
Q

Astrocytes are found mostly in the _____?

54
Q

What are the glial cells found in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal, Microglials

55
Q

Are glial cells found more than neurons?

56
Q

What are the glial cells in the PNS?

A

Schwann & Satellite

57
Q

Oligodendrocytes mylenate many ____?

And they speed up ____ 1000 X?

A

Axons “O so many”

Action Potential

58
Q

Cerebral Spinal fluid?

59
Q

What has a single axon?

A

Schwann cells

60
Q

Store glycogen?

A

Astrocytes

61
Q

What cell responds to injury? Are they phagocytic cell eating? Associated with _____?

A

Microglial’s // TRUE // Alzheimers disease

62
Q

Insulates and speeds up action potential?

A

Myelin Sheath

63
Q

Myelin sheath is on ____?

A

Schwann cells

64
Q

7 functions of muscle tissue?

A

movement, maintenance of posture, respiration, heat generation, communication, constriction of organs and good vessels, pumping blood

65
Q

4 properties of muscle tissue?

A

Contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity

66
Q

Skeletal, striated, voluntary

A

Skeletal muscle

67
Q

Which structures in the skeletal muscle do change in length?

A

HI ( h & i band)

68
Q

Cardiac, striated, involuntary

A

Cardiac Muscle

69
Q

What two muscles are autorhythmic? (capable of contracting spontaneously without nervous or hormonal stimulation)

A

Smooth and cardiac

70
Q

Visceral, nonstriated, involuntary

A

Smooth Muscle

71
Q

What is the Triad?

A

2 terminal cisternaes & a T-tubule

72
Q

Once Ca++ binds with troponin, the ____ exposes the myosin binding sites?

A

tropomyosin

73
Q

Myofilaments are made up of?

A

Actin and myosin

74
Q

Myofibrils are a ____?

75
Q

Constant contraction?

76
Q

3 skeletal muscle fiber types?

A

Slow twitch oxidative muscle fibers, fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic muscle fibers, fast-twitch glycolytic fibers

77
Q

Muscle fibers are the same thing as?

A

Muscle cells

78
Q

Grouping of muscle fibers?

A

Fasciculus

79
Q

What makes up a muscle fiber?

A

Myofibril, sarcolemma, SR, sarcoplasm

80
Q

The SR stores?

81
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Individual muscle fibers grow

82
Q

Many G-actins equal _____?

83
Q

What determines if the monomer attaches to active site?

84
Q

Ca++ binds to _____?

85
Q

What are the 3 binding sites for troponin?

A

Ca++, G-actin, tropomyosin

86
Q

What covers the active sites?

A

Tropomyosin

87
Q

What regulates if myosin connects with actin?

A

Tropomyosin

88
Q

What does the myosin head connect with?

A

Actin sites

89
Q

Myofilament + myosin =

A

Sarcomeres

90
Q

Contracted muscles become ____?

91
Q

What 3 things do myosin head do/have?

A

Forms cross bridges, hinge region can bend and straighten, ATPase

92
Q

What consist of the neuromuscular junction?

A

Pre synaptic (nerve) , synaptic cleft (gap) , post synaptic (muscle)

93
Q

What is the membrane of the muscle?

A

Sarcolemma

94
Q

Neurotransmitter in the neuromuscular junction?

A

ACH – acetylcholine

95
Q

What is required to open the sodium ligand gated channel?

A

ACH – acetylcholine

96
Q

What does the acetylcholinase do?

A

Breaks up acetylcholine into acetate & choline

97
Q

What is needed for relaxation and to break up the cross bridge formation?

98
Q

4 fatigue types?

A

Central fatigue, low frequency fatigue, high frequency fatigue, synapse fatigue

99
Q

What is central fatigue?

A

Psychological

100
Q

What is low frequency fatigue?

A

Long use of a muscle, hard time to revere (marathon runners)

101
Q

What is high frequency fatigue?

A

Intense use of muscle, fast time to recover (power lifting)

102
Q

What is synapse fatigue?

A

When you run out of nutrients to contract

103
Q

One motor neuron can control few to many _____?

A

Muscle fibers

104
Q

More ______ means easier movement

A

Motor neurons

105
Q

What allows the Ca++ to rush out into the sarcoplasm?

A

Action potential hitting RYR which opens the DHPR

106
Q

ATP hydrolyzes into ____ & ____

107
Q

If shot by a gun, what tissues and muscles would it go through to reach the heart?

A 
Epi
Fasciculi (the muscle)
Peri
Fasiculus 
Endo
Muscle fibers (the cell)
Myofibrils 
Myofilaments (actin + myosin)
108
Q

What causes MD (muscular dystrophy) ? What is is?

A

Dystrophin // Muscle weakness

109
Q

What is Dystrophin?

A

Connects protein, connects cytoskeleton muscle fibers together

110
Q

Nicotinic type II (receptors) is found ____ to ___?

A

neuron to neuron

111
Q

Nicotinic type I (receptors) is found ____ to ___?

A

Neuron to muscle

112
Q

3 muscle contractions?

A

Concentric, esentric, isometric

113
Q

What is Concentric contraction?

A

The muscle length shortens and the tension stays the same

114
Q

What is mesenteric contraction?

A

Muscle lengthens but tensions stays the same

115
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

Muscle length stays the same, but tension increases

116
Q

Aerobic, O2, fatigue rate is high of resistance, dark red or pink, endurance

A

Slow-Twitch fibers

117
Q

Anaerobic, respiration w/o oxygen, white, no myoglobin

A

Fast-twitch fibers

118
Q

All use of motor units?

119
Q

What is wave summation?

A

When motor units build upon one another (slow —> medium —-> large)

120
Q

What is related to Oligondrocytes but in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

121
Q

You get MS without?

A

Oligondrocytes

122
Q

EPSP increase ___ permeability

123
Q

What protects from heavy metal?

A

Astrocytes

124
Q

What is the length of the myosin?

125
Q

Sarcolemma that goes deep?

126
Q

What is found in muscle fibers?

A

Sarcomeres

Bio 264 -- The Nervous System (1 decks)

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