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bio 264 module 6&7 > module 6 > Flashcards

module 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what do autonomic motor nerves innervate?

A
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • glands
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2
Q

what do autonomic nerves NOT innervate?

A

skeletal muscle

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3
Q

the peripheral nervous system is divided into what categories?

A
  • sensory divisions

- motor divisions

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4
Q

what correctly describes the efferent division of the PNS?

A

the efferent division of the PNS transmits impulses form the CNS to skeletal muscle

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5
Q

what division of the nervous system controls smooth and cardiac muscle?

A

autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

What categories is the autonomic nervous sytem divided into

A
  • sympathetic division

- parasympathetic division

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7
Q

what correctly describes the affernet division of the peripheral nervous system?

A

the afferent division of the PNS transports action potentials to the CNS

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8
Q

which division of the nervous system controls smooth and cardiac muscle

A

autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

afferent division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

transports action potentials to the CNS

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10
Q

autonomic motor nerves

A
  • innervate smooth muscle
  • innervate cardiac muscle
  • innervate glands
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11
Q

the peripheral nervous system is divided into

A

sensory and motor divisions

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12
Q

efferent division of the PNS

A

transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle

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13
Q

autonomic nervous system is divided into

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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14
Q

motor neurons

A

are multipolar

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15
Q

myelin

A

is a lipid-based material that may be produced in the PNS or CNS

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16
Q

nervous system

A
  • neurons make up over 50% of the weight of the brain
  • the function of the neuron is to transmit electrical signals
  • The glial cells support and protect
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17
Q

myelinated axon

A

has a faster conduction rate

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18
Q

the axon hillock

A
  • is at the junction between the axon and the soma
  • is the location of spatial summations of EPSPs
  • is the location of temporal summation of IPSPs
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19
Q

myelin sheath

A

prevents ions from crossing the membrane accept at the nodes

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20
Q

which nerve will conduct an action potential the fastest?

A

myelinated; large-diameter nerve

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21
Q

neurons

A

are classified by function or structure

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22
Q

the part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body is called___

A

an axon

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23
Q

the trigger zone is where action potentials are generated in the neuron. this consists of the

A

axon hillock

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24
Q

multipolar neurons

A

have many dendrites with a single axon

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25
Q

which of the following statements accurately describes why an IPSP is inhibitory

A

an IPSP hyper polarizes the postsynaptic membrane

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26
Q

graded potentials in nerve cells

A

only EPSPs can generate an action potential

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27
Q

for a nerurotransmitter to reach the postsynaptic membrane it needs to diffuse across the

A

synaptic cleft

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28
Q

the location of synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters

A

presynaptic axon terminals

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29
Q

the ion that enters a presynaptic axon terminal and that directly causes the release of a neurotransmitter substance from the presynaptic terminal is

A

calcium

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30
Q

when ion gates open, action potentials tend to occur. correctly match the opening of a specific ion channel to its respective response.

A

the opening of chloride channels results in and IPSP

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31
Q

which of the following terms correctly describes the junction between two neurons

A

chemical synapse

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32
Q

which of the following statements is true of chemial synapses

A

chemicals known as neurotransmitters are released by the presynaptic terminal in chemical synapses

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33
Q

an action potential arriving in close succession at a single presynaptic terminal is

A

temporal summation

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34
Q

neurotransmitters

A

cause the production of action potentials in the postsynaptic membrane

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35
Q

the role of a neuromodulator

A

neuromodulators are compounds that increase the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters

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36
Q

temporal summation

A

increased frequency of action potentials firing

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37
Q

in a chemical synapse

A

the neurotransmitter must be removed or inactivated to half the effect on the postsynaptic membrane

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38
Q

a neuron that conduct pain sensations to the central nervous system is classified by

A

afferent neuron

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39
Q

in general, which type of neuron acts as a motor neuron by sending signals to effector tissues

A

efferent neurons

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40
Q

spatial summation

A

increased recruitment of dendrites receiving action potentials

41
Q

the role of neurotransmitters

A

neurotransmitters trigger action potentials within the postsynaptic membrane

42
Q

the axon hillock

A

is not present in glial cells

43
Q

EPSP response

A

typically increases the membrane permeability to sodium ions

44
Q

capable of causing postsynaptic cell hyperpolarization

A

both IPSPs and K+ ion movement are capable of causing hyperpolarization

45
Q

IPSP

A

causes hyperpolarization

46
Q

electrical synapse is

A

cardiac muscle cells

47
Q

an IPSP

A

results in hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

48
Q

an action potential has the fastest conduction time

A

with an electrical synapse

49
Q

an inhibitory local potential

A

hyperpolarizes the plasma membrane

50
Q

chemical synapses

A
  • release neurotransmitters into a space, called a cleft, which travels to the next membrane
  • do not have direct presynaptic terminal to postynaptic membrane contact
  • rely on mitochondria and membrane-bound vesicles as the presynaptic organelles to functionf
51
Q

the graded potential at the postysnaptic membrane when depolarization occurs is called

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential

52
Q

what might occur when multiple action potentials arrive through many different presynaptic neurons onto the same post synaptic neuron

A

spatial summation

53
Q

result of an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

cell membrane hyperpolarization

54
Q

electrical synapses

A

are gap junctions with a current flowing between adjacent cells

55
Q

a neuron receives a number of EPSPs from many different neurons. If a sufficient number of EPSPs are received the neuron responds by generating an action potential. what is this process known as?

A

spatial summation

56
Q

which of the following is a false statement regarding neurotransmitters

A

they travel through the bloodstream prior to reaching their target postsynaptic cell

57
Q

suppose both excitatory and inhibitory neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron. What determines if an action potential is initiated in the postsynaptic neuron

A

the number of EPSPs in relation to the number of IPSPs

58
Q

what neuron types is responsible for transporting messages between different neurons

A

interneurons

59
Q

chemicals that trigger action potentials within postsynaptic cells

A

these chemicals are called neurotransmitters and may cause IPSPs or EPSPs

60
Q

describes the location from which neurotransmitters are released

A

presynaptic terminal

61
Q

the role of a neurotransmitter

A

neurotransmitters are capable of opening and closing ion channels

62
Q

spatial summation

A

occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell

63
Q

action potentials on a trigger zone are produced

A

anytime any type of summation reaches threshold

64
Q

a chemical synapse

A

may cause a hyperpolarizing graded potential

65
Q

which of the following are capable of causing postsynaptic cell hyperpolarization

A

both IPSPs and K+ permeability are capable of causing hyperpolarization

66
Q

what would happen if the number of boltage-gated Ca++ ion channels in the presynaptic terminal were decreased

A

the exocytosis of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles would be reduced or inhibited entirely which would have an inhibitory effect on the transmission of action potentials across the synapse

67
Q

if a neurotransmitter bound to its receptor and increased sodium ion permeability of the postsynaptic membrane

A

postsynaptic membrane potential would likely exceed threshold, stimulating an EPSP

68
Q

damage to a postynaptic membrane could result in which of the following

A

difficulty responding to the presence of a neurotransmitter within a synapse

69
Q

if both an excitatory and an inhibitory neuron synapsed with the same postsynaptic neuron what would ultimately determien whether and EPSP were initiated or not

A

the number of EPSPs compared to the number of IPSPs that reach the synapse

70
Q

which of the following are capable of inhibiting neurotransmitter secretion

A

blocking Ca++ channels in the presynaptic terminal

71
Q
  1. sodium ions diffuse into the postsynaptic cell and stimulate an EPSP in the postsynaptic neuron
  2. a neurotransmitter binds with a specific receptor on the postsynaptic cell
  3. a neurotransmitter travels across the synaptic cleft
  4. postsynaptic cell membrane permeability to sodium ions increases
  5. an action potential stimualtes the release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
A

5,3,2,4,1

72
Q

action potentials approach a synapse with increasing frequency. Upon reaching the synapse more and more neurotransmitter is released because of the increasing action potential frequency. The neurotransmitter in this case opens ligand gated Na+ channels. Which of the following are True
1. this sounds like spatial summation
2. we will probably find IPSPs produced in this synapse
3. this sounds like temporal summation
we will probalby find EPSPs produced at this synapse

A

3 and 4

73
Q

what might occur when two action potentials arrive simultaneously at the same postsyaptic neuron via two different presynaptic terminals

A

spatial summation may occur

74
Q

voltage changes correctly reflects taht caused by EPSP within a neuron

A

a change in voltage from -70 mv to -69.95 mv

75
Q

what might occur when multiple action potentials arrive in close succession at the same postsynaptic neuron via the same presynaptic terminal

A

temporal summation may occur

76
Q

rapid removal or destruction of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft

A

may affect the ability of the postsynaptic membrane to generate potentials

77
Q

what would happen if the number of voltage-gated Ca++ ion channels in the presynaptic terminal were decreased

A
  • the transmission of both EPSPs and IPSPs across the synapse would be greatly decreased
  • the exocytosis of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles would be reduced or inhibited entirely which would always have an inhibitory effect on the transmission of action potentials across the synapse
78
Q

the rate at which action potentials are conducted

A

action potentials are conducted more rapidly along axons with nodes of Ranvier than along axons without nodes of Ranvier

79
Q

Excitatory neurons A and B both synapse with neuron C. Neuron A releases a neurotransmitter and neuron B releases the same type and amount of neurotransmitter plus a neuromodulator that produces IPSPs in neuron C. Both neuron A and B, when stimulated separately, can product action potential production in neuron C. Which results in more action potentials?

A

neuron A alone

80
Q

component of the peripheral nervous system

A

schwann cells

81
Q

cells in the nervous system which have various functions related to support and nourishment are called

A

neuroglia

82
Q

which glial cell type is responsible for the formation of the blood-brain barrier

A

astrocyte

83
Q

cell types is responsible for the formation of myelin within the spinal cord

A

oligodendrocytes

84
Q

cells act as phagocytes within the central nervous system

A

microglial cells

85
Q

what cell type produces myelin sheaths within the central nervous system

A

oligodendrocytes

86
Q

a periodic segment of exposed axon along a myelin sheath is known by which of the following names

A

node of Ranvier

87
Q

which of the following is a component of the central nervous system

A

spinal cord

88
Q

what glial cell is not found in the cns

A

schwann cell

89
Q

which of the following cells makes CSF

A

ependymal

90
Q

what is not a glial cell

A

macroglia

91
Q

are glial cell

A

astrocyte
ependymal cell
schwann cell

92
Q

what cell type produces myelin sheaths within the peripheral nervous system

A

schwann cells

93
Q

this cell participates in forming the blood-brain barrier

A

astrocyte

94
Q

which glial cell functions by performing phagocytosis with CNS tissue damage

A

microglia

95
Q

in the case of a loss of oxygen, which of the following sources will provide the energy necessary to allow the brain to continue functioning for 5-10 minutes

A

glycogen stored in the astrocytes

96
Q

what is the difference between schwann cells and oligodenrocytes

A

oligodendrocytes possess multiple processes which allow them to myelinate multiple segments of axon at one time, while schwann cells are only capable of myelinating a single segment of axon

97
Q

which of the following is not a function of astrocytes

A

phagocytose foreign material in the CNS

98
Q

multiple sclerosis is a neurological disease which destroys myelin sheaths of the central nervous system. Which of the following cell types is damaged as a result of multiple sclerosis

A

oligodendrocyte

bio 264 module 6&7 (1 decks)

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