Module 6

Question 0

What is tier 1?

Answer 0

Comparison against generic guidelines or criteria.

Question 1

How many tiers of assessment are there?

Answer 1

3

Question 2

Criteria for allowable contaminate concentrations are developed by?

Answer 2

A series of assumptions about sites that are used for different land types.

Question 3

Why is it common for conditions at a particular site not to match the expected conditions in tier 1 guidelines?

Answer 3

Tier 1 has a lot of assumptions

Question 4

What is tier 2?

Answer 4

Generic guidelines are adjusted to better reflect the condition of the specific site.

Question 5

When is tier 2 used?

Answer 5

When the condition of a specific site does not match the assumed conditions of tier 1.

Question 6

How may the conditions be adjusted?

Answer 6

More or less restricted guidelines.

Question 7

What is tier 3?

Answer 7

Site specific assessment

Question 8

When is tier 3 used?

Answer 8

In rare cases where the conditions at a specific site are too different and it is necessary to conduct a site specific assessment.

Question 9

Disadvantages for tier 3?

Answer 9

Expensive and time consuming.

Question 10

Is tier 3 less or more common than 1 and 2?

Answer 10

Less.

Question 11

Process to use tier 1 guidelines?

Answer 11

Conduct sampling on the site, identify specific contaminants, use site specific information and explain lateral and horizontal extent of contamination, compare results to tier 1.

Question 12

Overall goal of tier guidelines?

Answer 12

Protect human health and the environment.

Question 13

Important considerations when applying tier 1 guidelines?

Answer 13

Land use, future land use

Question 14

The type of land effects what?

Answer 14

Type of receptor and expected exposure.

Question 15

5 types of land use?

Answer 15

Agricultural, residential, commercial, industrial, natural areas.

Question 16

Primary receptor for agricultural land?

Answer 16

Humans.

Question 17

Primary receptor for natural areas?

Answer 17

Ecological.

Question 18

When adjacent lands are more restrictive what do you do?

Answer 18

Use more strict guidelines for the specific site that could potentially harm the adjacent location.

Question 19

Arsenic is used in?

Answer 19

Pesticides, herbicides, and silvicides.

Question 20

Arsenic is a by product of?

Answer 20

Copper, lead, and zinc smelting.

Question 21

Arsenic occurs naturally in soil water and rocks. True or false?

Answer 21

True.

Question 22

In Alberta, soils contains about now much arsenic?

Answer 22

5 ppm.

Question 23

Significant quantities of arsenic come from?

Answer 23

Combustion of coal, and fly ash by products.

Question 24

Is arsenic carcinogenic?

Answer 24

Yes, it is considered to have acute and chronic toxic effects and is classified as carcinogenic.

Question 25

When does arsenic occur in water?

Answer 25

When it is its trivalent and pentavalent form.

Question 26

Which form of arsenic is most soluble, most mobile, and considered more toxic than other forms?

Answer 26

Trivalent, arsenic lll.

Question 27

Arsenic toxicity is directly linked to what?

Answer 27

It's solubility.

Question 28

Is arsenic more mobile in course of fine soils?

Answer 28

Course. Fine such as clay or oxide minerals are known to absorb arsenic.

Question 29

Arsenic solubility can be controlled by?

Answer 29

Formation of compounds with metals like Mn, Fe, and Ca, strong reducing conditions, and high pH levels.

Question 30

Chromium is primarily used for?

Answer 30

Making stainless steel, create pigments, and used in leather tanning industry.

Question 31

Industry use for chromium?

Answer 31

Used as a anti corrosive additive in cooling water and drilling muds.

Question 32

Chromium occurs in limestone at what concentration?

Answer 32

120 ppm.

Question 33

Important forms of chromium?

Answer 33

lV and lll.

Question 34

Chromium lll can cause?

Answer 34

Skin irritation and cancer.

Question 35

Chromium absorption rates are based on?

Answer 35

Oxidation states and pH levels.

Question 36

Increasing chromium lll from increasing pH, increasing chromium lV with decreasing pH, true or false?

Answer 36

True.

Question 37

Which element effects chromium the most?

Answer 37

Fe. Reducing effect.

Question 38

Pump and treat remediate is good for chromium treatment, true or false?

Answer 38

False. When Cr decreases, adsorption of Cr lV is shown to increase making this remediation difficult.

Question 39

Chromium is essential for animals and humans, true or false?

Answer 39

True.

Question 40

Is chromium carcinogenic?

Answer 40

Yes, in high concentrations.

Question 41

Mercury is release from?

Answer 41

Smelting, burning fossil fuels, wood and waste combustion, mining operations, oil sands, tailing ponds.

Question 42

Mercury occurs in limestone at concentrations of what?

Answer 42

220 ppm.

Question 43

Mercury occurs mainly in what form?

Answer 43

Elemental.

Question 44

Does mercury tend to accumulate and biomagnify?

Answer 44

Yes, into plant roots then into the food chain.

Question 45

What is cadmium used for?

Answer 45

Batteries and semi conductors.

Question 46

Cadmium is a by product of?

Answer 46

Zinc mining and smelting, phosphate fertilizers.

Question 47

Toxic effects of cadmium?

Answer 47

Lung, kidney, bone, and liver disease. Human carcinogenic.

Question 48

Does cadmium biomagnify?

Answer 48

Yes.

Question 49

Cadmium adsorption is strongly affected by?

Answer 49

pH levels.

Question 50

Lead is used for?

Answer 50

Storage batteries, ammunition and pigments. Firmly used in pesticides and gasoline.

Question 51

Lead concentration in limestone is?

Answer 51

9 ppm.

Question 52

Lead is really resistant to?

Answer 52

Corrosion

Question 53

Lead health effects?

Answer 53

Fatigue, head aches, vomiting and seizures.

Question 54

Who is especially vulnerable to lead poisoning?

Answer 54

Young children.

Question 55

Phosphate can effectively immobilize lead in soil, true or false?

Answer 55

True.

Question 56

Zinc is used for?

Answer 56

Production of rust resistant steel products, paint pigments, dyes and cosmetics.

Question 57

Zinc concentration in limestone?

Answer 57

20 ppm.

Question 58

Zinc is essential for plants and animals but can be toxic, true or false?

Answer 58

True.

Question 59

The presence of EDTA in soils reduces so adsorption of zinc to soil particles, true or false?

Answer 59

True.

Question 60

What are the three main types of remediation techniques?

Answer 60

Excavation, containment, and treatment.