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OCR A2 Biology > Module 5.5: Plant & Animal Responses > Flashcards

Module 5.5: Plant & Animal Responses Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the major division of the nervous system?

A

The largest division is between the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

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2
Q

What does “biotic” mean?

A

Living components of an organism

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3
Q

What does “abiotic” mean?

A

Non-living components of an organism

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4
Q

What’s the main reason as to why plants need to survive long enough?

A

To reproduce

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5
Q

What is a particular plant response to an increase in temperature?

A

Thicker waxy cuticle - reduces evaporation

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6
Q

What is a particular plant response to strong wind?

A

More heavily lignified muscular tissue - to structurally reinforce it

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7
Q

What is a particular plant response to herbivory (e.g. insect attack)?

A

Chemical defences

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8
Q

What are 3 Chemical Defences in plants?

A

TANNINS
ALKALOIDS
PHEREMONES

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9
Q

State 2 features of Alkaloids.

A
  1. Feeding deterrent, makes plant taste bitter

2. Found in growing tips, flowers, peripheral cells of stem/roots.

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10
Q

State a feature of Pheromones.

A

Can affect physiology and behaviour of herbivores

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11
Q

How can the PNS be subdivided?

A
  • This is divided into the sensory system and motor system.
  • The motor system can further be divided into the somatic and autonomic systems.
  • The autonomic has further divisions of being sympathetic or parasympathetic.
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12
Q

What is the role of the PNS?

A

The PNS is made up of all of the nervous system apart from the brain and the spinal cord. It is used to ensure very quick communication occurs between the CNS, sensory receptors and effectors.
Mostly made of SENSORY and MOTOR neurones

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13
Q

State 4 types of tropisms and briefly state their effect.

A
  1. Phototropism: shoot growth towards/away from light
  2. Geotropism: root grow towards the pull of gravity
  3. Chemotropism: found in flowers, pollen tubes grow down the STYLE towards the ovaries (attracted by chemicals) - enables fertilisation
  4. Thigmotropism: Shoots of climbing plants wind around other solid structures for support.
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14
Q

What is the role of the sensory nervous system?

A

This encompasses the fibres which enter the CNS. They conduct action potential from the sensory receptors into the CNS.

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15
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

This is all sensory neurones and motor neurones joining skeletal muscles. This is voluntary control and most neurones are myelinated.

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16
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Relates to motor neurones involved with internal organs. This is involuntary control and neurons mostly not myelinated.

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17
Q

What is the role of the motor nervous system?

A

This is talking about the neurones which create action potentials from the CNS to the effectors.

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18
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

the largest part of the brain and organises our higher thought processes such as conscious thought and memory

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19
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

the part of the brain which is in charge of coordinating movement and balance

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20
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus and the pituitary complex?

A

organises homeostatic responses and controls many of the different physiological processes of the body

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21
Q

What is the medulla oblangata?

A

The part of the brain which is in charge of the autonomic responses

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22
Q

What is the layout of the cerebrum?

A
  • two large hemispheres which are connected together by tracts of neurones known as the corpus callosum.
  • outermost layer is a thin cell body layer called the cerebral cortex.
  • Cerebral cortex is divided into areas responsible for specific activities such as sensory areas,association areas and motor areas
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23
Q

What is the layout of the cerebellum?

A

As it is involved with balance and fine coordination it must receive information from sensory receptors and process information accurately.

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24
Q

State 3 features of Tannins.

A
  1. Toxic to microorganisms and large herbivores
  2. Makes leaf taste bad
  3. Prevents infiltration by pathogenic microorganisms in roots
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25
Q

What are directional growth responses known as?

A

TROPISMS

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26
Q

Describe the layout of nerves coming out of the CNS in the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A

Sympathetic System- Many nerves each leading to a separate effector.

Parasympathetic system - a few nerves which divide up and lead to different effectors

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27
Q

Where is the ganglia in the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A

Sympathetic - just outside the CNS

Parasympathetic - in the effector tissue

28
Q

What is the length of the pre ganglionic neurones in the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A

Sympathetic - short preganglionic neurones

Parasympathetic - long preganglionic neurones

29
Q

What is length of post ganglionic neurones in the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A

Sympathetic - long post ganglionic neurones

Parasympathetic - short post ganglionic neurones

30
Q

What neurotransmitter is used in the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A

Sympathetic - noradrenaline

Parasympathetic - acetylcholine

31
Q

What is the function in the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A

Sympathetic - Increases activity

Parasympathetic - decreases activity

32
Q

What is Phototropism?

A

Shoots growth towards light (+ve Phototropism)

33
Q

What is geotropism?

A

Roots grow towards the pull of gravity (to anchor plant in soil)

34
Q

What is chemotropsim?

A

Found in flowers. Pollen tubes grow down the style towards the ovaries (attracted by chemicals). Enables fertilisation.

35
Q

What is thigmotropsim?

A

Shoots of climbing plants wind around other solid structures for support.

36
Q

What are nastic responses?

A

Non-directional responses (plant)

37
Q

What is an example of a plant that responds via nastic responses?

A

MIMOSA PUDICA: Responds to touch by suddenly folding its leaves (thigmonasty)

38
Q

Name the 5 plant hormones.

A

CYTOKININS, ABSCISIC ACID, AUXINS, GIBBERELLINS

39
Q

State 3 features of cytokinins.

A
  1. Promote cell division, 2. Delay leaf senescence, 3. Overcome apical dominance
40
Q

State 2 features of abscisic acid

A

It’s known as the stress hormone. 1. It inhibits seed germination and growth. 2. Stomatal closure at times of water stress.

41
Q

State 3 features of auxins.

A
  1. promotes self elongation. 2. Inhibit growth of side shoots. 3. Inhibit leaf abscission.
42
Q

When is the the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems most active?

A

Sympathetic - most active at times of stress

Parasympathetic - most active during sleep or relaxation

43
Q

State 2 features of gibberellins

A
  1. Promote seed germination. 2. Promotes stem growth.
44
Q

State 1 feature of ethene.

A

Promotes fruit ripening.

45
Q

Define apical dominance

A

Inhibition of lateral buds further down the shoot by chemicals produced by the apical bud at the tip of the shoot.

46
Q

What are the effects of sympathetic system?

A 
Increases heart rate 
Dilates pupils 
Increases ventilation rate 
Reduces digestive activity 
Orgasm
47
Q

Effects of parasympathetic system?

A 
Decreases heart rate 
Constricts pupils 
Reduces ventilation rate 
Increases digestive activity 
Sexual arousal
48
Q

What is the knee jerk reflex?

A

A reflex action that straightens the leg when the tendon below the knee cap is touched

49
Q

What happens if you break off the shoot apex (tip) of a plant?

A

Growth from lateral buds occur.

50
Q

What is the reasoning behind the growth of lateral buds?

A
  1. The apical bud contains AUXINS, 2. Auxins inhibit lateral bud growth. 3. So removing auxins will result in lateral bud growth.
51
Q

What is the 1st method of Experimental evidence that can be performed to confirm that auxins are responsible for apical dominance?

A
  1. remove shoot apex. 2. Add auxin. 3. No lateral bud growh
52
Q

What is the 2nd method of Experimental evidence that can be performed to confirm that auxins are responsible for lateral bud growth?

A
  1. remove shoot apex. 2. Add auxin. 3. Add AUXIN TRANSPORT INHIBITOR. 4. lateral bud growth
53
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

A response that does not involve any brain processing

54
Q

What is the blinking reflex?

A

Causes temporary closure of eyelids to protect eyes from damage.

55
Q

What is a cranial reflex?

A

A reflex in which the nervous pathways pass through part of the brain

56
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A pathway where the receptor and effector are in the same place

57
Q

What is the corneal reflex?

A

A reflex which is mediated by a sensory neurone and enters the pons region of the brain.

58
Q

What is the optical reflex?

A

A reflex which protects the light sensitive regions of the retina from damage. Slightly slower than corneal reflex

59
Q

Why is adham moist?

A

He thinks he’s sick

60
Q

What is the survival value of pupils dilating?

A

Allows more light into the eye, making retina more sensitive

61
Q

What is the survival value of increasing heart rate and blood pressure

A

Increases rate of blood flow to deliver oxygen and glucose and remove waste products

62
Q

What is the survival value of endorphins being produced?

A

These act as a natural painkiller and any wounds inflicted do not hinder the animals ability to fight

63
Q

Mechanism of adrenaline action?

A
  1. Adrenaline binds to receptor on plasma membrane and this receptor is associated with G protein in inner of the membrane. This activates adenyl Cyclase
  2. Adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
  3. cAMP activates an enzyme cascade
64
Q

What is CRH and its effects?

A

Hypothalamus secretes CRH into the blood. Passes down into the pituitary gland and causes the release of ACTH. This stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones such as cortisol

65
Q

What is TRH and its effects?

A

Hypothalamus releases TRH and this travels down a portal vessel in the blood stream to the anterior pituitary gland and released TSH. This stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine and increases cell sensitive to adrenaline

OCR A2 Biology (5 decks)

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