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Midterm - Environmental Engineering > Module 5 - Water Quality and Treatment > Flashcards

Module 5 - Water Quality and Treatment Flashcards

1
Q

Airport operators need to pay attention to their wide range of fluid discharges. These particularly includes:

A

de-icing fluids, handling fuels, stormwater runoffs

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2
Q

melt existing and inhibit the further formation of snow and ice

A

antiicing/de-icing fluids (ADF)

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3
Q

can pollute groundwater

A

de-icing fluid

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4
Q

has been the cause of multiple accidents

A

accumulated snow and ice

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5
Q

can severely damage the environment, particularly groundwater and wildlife

A

leaks and spills

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6
Q

these chemicals used on the airport property can also have major adverse environmental impacts if leaks and spills occur

A

aircraft servicing and maintenance fluids, firefighting fluids, pesticides and herbicides

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7
Q

The large quantities of water can create ______ that can cause runway or taxiway closures if the airport drainage system is not designed properly.

A

flash floods

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8
Q

It is the act of reducing the severity of an impact.

A

mitigation

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9
Q

What does EPA stand for?

A

Environment Protection Agency

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10
Q

What does the EPA do?

A
  • reduction of the amounts used
  • collection and disposal of fluids
  • recycling
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11
Q

Centralized De-icing Facilities

A

Denver/International, Montreal/Trudeau, Toronto/Pearson

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12
Q

Big reduce to ADFs, but demands very high power

A

Infrared Heaters

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13
Q

De-Icing na mga bagay

A

special vehicles, settling pools, infrared heaters

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14
Q

solutions for fuel and other chemical leaks and spills

A

reliable fuel storage, distributed fuel system, effective cleanup procedures, secondary containment, zoned leak detection systems

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15
Q

protection against accidental spills or deliberate sabotage

A

secondary containment

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16
Q

built around the tanks to contain massive spills

A

berms

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17
Q

used to identify volumetric changes of the product

A

zoned leak detection systems

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18
Q

solution for stormwater runoffs

A

drainage system

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19
Q

permit to allow discharge on surface water

A

Discharge Permit (US)

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20
Q

permit required by the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

A

Discharge Permit (US)

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21
Q

grabs monthly sample to be tested against allowable EPA limits

A

National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

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22
Q

What does NPDES stand for?

A

National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

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23
Q

Water treatment methods depend on the ______

A

characteristics of raw water

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24
Q

depends on the characteristics of raw water

A

water treatment (methods)

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25
Q

serve multiple purposes, including drinking water, industrial use, and firefighting

A

public water systems

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26
Q

The treatment method is primarily determined by the need to produce ______ for human consumption.

A

potable water

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27
Q

It is a crucial step in conventional water treatment

A

rapid mixing

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28
Q

it’s all about getting chemicals and raw water to know each other very quickly

A

rapid mixing

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29
Q

the water is gently mixed to allow the clumps to grow larger and heavier

A

flocculation

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30
Q

also called sedimentation

A

settling

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31
Q

it is a natural process used in water treatment

A

settling or sedimentation

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32
Q

it’s like letting dirt settle out of a glass of muddy water

A

settling or sedimentation

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33
Q

it is a physical process used in water treatment to remove particles suspended in water

A

filtration

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34
Q

a process widely used in water treatment to disinfect water

A

chlorination

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35
Q

is a large tank that stores treated water

A

clear well

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36
Q

are a key part of delivering clean water after it’s treated at a water treatment plant

A

pumping stations

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37
Q

process of neutralizing or manipulating the electrostatic charges of the particles suspended in the water

A

coagulation

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38
Q

characteristics of silt particles

A

small size, colloidal nature, negative charges

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39
Q

when suspended in water, they are hard to eliminate since they are incapable of clumping together to create larger particles that could be more easily cleared out

A

silt particles

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40
Q

is negatively charged and attracts positively charged ions

A

solid particle

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41
Q

What do negative ions form given that they are so strongly attracted that they are virtually attached to the particle and travel with it?

A

slippage or slipping plane

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42
Q

The charge on the particle as it moves through the fluid is the negative charge, diminished in part by the positive ions in the inner layer called the ______

A

zeta potential

43
Q

negative charge is considered as a ________

A

repulsive charge

44
Q

attractive electrostatic charge

A

van der Waals force

45
Q

prevents the particles from coming together

A

energy hill

46
Q

objective of coagulation

A

reduce energy barrier to 0

47
Q

one way to reduce the energy barrier

A

adding trivalent cations

48
Q

with charges opposite those of the suspended solids are added to the water

A

coagulant chemicals

49
Q

forms when the small, suspended, neutralized particles stick together

A

flocs

50
Q

The building of larger flocs from the smaller particles suspended in the water.

A

flocculation

51
Q

Flocculation is typically achieved through the addition of specialized chemicals known as ______.

A

flocculants

52
Q

serve to promote particle clumping and aid in the collision and attachment of particles

A

flocculants

53
Q

often used together to remove contaminants and impurities

A

flocculation and coagulation

54
Q

more easily separated from soluble components (often water) through sedimentation or filtration

A

aggregates

55
Q

Larger aggregates. Coagulation or Flocculation?

A

Flocculation

56
Q

the initial step in particle aggregation

A

coagulation

57
Q

a subsequent step that creates larger and more easily removable agglomerated flocs

A

flocculation

58
Q

introduces velocity gradients into the water so that the particles in a fast-moving stream can catch up and collide with slow-moving particles

A

flocculator

59
Q

A flocculator introduces ______ into the water so that the particles in a fast-moving stream can catch up and collide with slow-moving particles.

A

velocity gradients

60
Q

introduces velocity gradients

A

rotating paddles

61
Q

also an important variable in flocculation

A

time

62
Q

term often used in design

A

Gt

63
Q

t in Gt

A

hydraulic retention time

64
Q

the length of time it takes for the water on top to leave the flocculation basin

A

hydraulic retention time

65
Q

refers to the process of allowing suspended particles in a fluid, usually water, to settle out of the fluid by gravity, aiding in water treatment and purification

A

settling

66
Q

facilitate the removal of suspended solids from liquids through gravitational settling

A

settling tanks

67
Q

integral components of water and wastewater treatment systems

A

settling tanks

68
Q

aids in the clarification of water by allowing heavier particles to settle to the bottom

A

settling tanks

69
Q

4 major zones of a settling tank

A

inlet zone, outlet zone, settling zone, sludge zone

70
Q

Types of settling tanks

A

based on methods of operation, based on location, based on shape

71
Q

Types of settling tanks based on methods of operation

A

fill and draw type, continuous flow type

72
Q

Types of settling tanks based on location

A

primary tank, secondary tank

73
Q

Types of settling tanks based on shape

A

circular tank, rectangular tank, hopper bottom tank

74
Q

These tanks are designed to ensure uniform flow and minimize turbulence, with entrance and exit configurations being key elements

A

gravity settling tanks

75
Q

requires periodic removal via a mud valve, as it does not decompose easily

A

alum sludge

76
Q

what does an alum sludge require for removal?

A

mud valve

77
Q

produces odoriferous gases and float solids within hours

A

wastewater treatment sludges

78
Q

The clarified water leaving settling tanks undergoes further polishing with a ______ to achieve optimal purity

A

rapid sand filter

79
Q

2 processes of separating impurities

A

filtration, backwashing

80
Q

step-by-step process of cleaning a rapid sand filter

A
  • shut off flow of water
  • allow wash water to enter below the filter bed
  • allow the wash water to flow
  • shut off the wash water
  • resume filtration
81
Q

process of removing the solid impurities in the water

A

straining, sedimentation, interception, diffusion

82
Q

most effective process of removing solid impurities in the water for larger particles

A

straining, sedimentation, interception

83
Q

this process of removing the solid impurities in the water can occur only for colloidal particles

A

diffusion

84
Q

possibly the most important mechanism, takes place exclusively in the first few centimeters of the filter medium, removing only the particles in the water large enough to get caught in the pores

A

straining

85
Q

A process where larger and heavier particles do not follow the fluid streamline around the sand grain, and settle on the grain.

A

sedimentation

86
Q

A process that occurs with particles that do follow the streamline, but are too large and are caught because they brush up against the sand grain.

A

interception

87
Q

A process where larger and heavier particles do not follow the fluid streamline around the sand grain, and settle on the grain.

A

diffusion

88
Q

random motion of particles suspended in a medium (a liquid or a gas)

A

Brownian motion

89
Q

classifications of filter beds

A

single medium, dual media, trimedia

90
Q

filter beds often utilized by wastewater treatment

A

dual media, trimedia

91
Q

spread head loss buildup and permit longer filter runs

A

multimedia filters

92
Q

a primary condition in filter design

A

head loss

93
Q

refers to the pressure loss that occurs due to resistance as water passes through the filter media

A

head loss

94
Q

As sand gets progressively dirtier the head loss _____.

A

increases

95
Q

proponents of the Cannan-Kozeny Equation

A

scientists Erich H. von Cannan and J. Kozeny

96
Q

one of the oldest and most widely used methods; helps us understand how fluids move through materials that have tiny holes or gaps in them

A

Cannan-Kozeny Equation

97
Q

proponents of Darcy-Weisbach Equation

A

Henry Darcy and Julius Weisbach

98
Q

In scenarios where the head loss of a dirty filter exceeds the total head available, a _________ may form within the filter bed.

A

negative pressure region

99
Q

Alternatively, some filters allow water to flow based on the head loss, resulting in ________.

A

variable flow rate

100
Q

Process of a typical water treatment facility

A
  • rapid mixing
  • flocculation
  • settling
  • filtration
  • chlorination
  • clear well storage
  • pumping to distribution system
101
Q

After filtration, _____ is added to kill remaining germs.

A

chlorine

102
Q

Chlorine reacts with _____ to kill them.

A

organic matter

103
Q

Chlorine may react with other things in water to create new substances. To avoid this, some plants use alternative methods like _______.

A

ozonation

104
Q

It is added to drinking water in a number of municipalities since it has been shown to prevent tooth decay in children and young adults.

A

fluorine

Midterm - Environmental Engineering (3 decks)

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