Module 5: Scientific Investigations

Question 1

What are peptic ulcers and where do they typically develop in the body?

Answer 1

Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine.

Question 2

After the discovery of H. pylori’s role in peptic ulcers

Answer 2

what significant shift occurred in treatment strategies? The discovery led to a shift in treatment strategies

Question 3

How did the discovery of H. pylori change the approach to treating and preventing peptic ulcers? It led to a shift in treatment strategies

Answer 3

with antibiotic therapy targeting H. pylori becoming a primary focus for treating and preventing peptic ulcers.

Question 4

What were the observations of Barry Marshall and Robin Warren? In the 1980s

Answer 4

Barry Marshall and Robin Warren

Question 5

What was the treatment for H. pylori? Amoxicillin is a penicillin antibiotic. It is used to treat bacterial infections

Answer 5

such as chest infections (including pneumonia) and dental abscesses. It can also be used together with other antibiotics and medicines to treat stomach ulcers.

Question 6

What were early beliefs that suggested peptic ulcers? Early beliefs suggested that factors like spicy foods

Answer 6

stress

Question 7

What were some early observations by ancient civilisations regarding plant growth patterns? Ancient civilisations observed that plants exhibited different growth patterns in response to changes in soil

Answer 7

water

Question 8

Describe Jan van Helmont’s experiment with the willow tree and the conclusion he drew from it. Van Helmont planted a willow tree in a measured amount of soil and watered it for several years. After weighing both the tree and the soil

Answer 8

he noted a significant increase in tree mass and minimal change in soil mass. His experiment led to the understanding that water is a primary source of plant growth.

Question 9

In the 17th century

Answer 9

who conducted a landmark experiment involving the growth of a willow tree

Question 10

Describe Jan van Helmont’s experiment with the willow tree and the conclusion he drew from it. Van Helmont planted a willow tree in a measured amount of soil and watered it for several years. After weighing both the tree and the soil

Answer 10

he noted a significant increase in tree mass and minimal change in soil mass. His experiment led to the understanding that water is a primary source of plant growth.

Question 11

Explain Joseph Priestley’s experiment involving a candle and a sprig of mint

Answer 11

and the conclusion drawn regarding the process of photosynthesis. Priestley placed a candle in a closed container with a sprig of mint and observed that the candle burned longer than in a container without the plant. This experiment provided early evidence of the process of photosynthesis

Question 12

How have advances in molecular biology contributed to the understanding of plant growth

Answer 12

and what genetic mechanisms do scientists study in relation to plant growth Advances in molecular biology have allowed scientists to delve into the genetic mechanisms regulating plant growth

Question 13

Why is knowledge about plant growth fundamental for sustainable agriculture

Answer 13

ecology

Question 14

In the late 18th century

Answer 14

who observed the ability of plants to “restore” air in a closed environment

Question 15

What are microwaves

Answer 15

and what is their wavelength range in electromagnetic radiation? Microwaves are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from about one millimetre to one meter.

Question 16

Who predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves

Answer 16

including microwaves

Question 17

Which scientist in the late 19th century conducted experiments to confirm the existence of electromagnetic waves

Answer 17

and what were his hypotheses regarding their production and detection? Heinrich Hertz conducted the experiments

Question 18

Describe Heinrich Hertz’s experiments and their significance in confirming the existence and properties of electromagnetic waves. Hertz constructed a device demonstrating the properties of electromagnetic waves

Answer 18

confirming their existence and laying the groundwork for practical applications.

Question 19

During World War II

Answer 19

how did scientists observe the practical application of microwaves in detecting and tracking objects

Question 20

In the mid–20th century

Answer 20

who noticed the melting of a candy bar near a magnetron and formulated a hypothesis regarding microwaves’ ability to cook food? Percy Spencer noticed this

Question 21

What experiments did Percy Spencer conduct to demonstrate the feasibility of microwave cooking

Answer 21

and what was the conclusion drawn from his observations? Spencer constructed an enclosure to contain microwaves

Question 22

How did Percy Spencer’s experiments lead to a revolutionary development in food preparation? Spencer’s experiments revolutionized food preparation

Answer 22

leading to the development of the first commercially viable microwave oven.

Question 23

What crucial role do microwaves play in modern telecommunications

Answer 23

and how do they facilitate high–speed data transmission? Microwaves play a crucial role in modern telecommunications

Question 24

Besides communication

Answer 24

in what areas of scientific research are microwaves still used

Question 25

What are the key steps in the Traditional Model of Scientific Methodology

Answer 25

starting with the initial phase? The key steps are observation

Question 26

What is the purpose of hypothesis formulation in the Traditional Model

Answer 26

and how is it derived? Hypotheses are tentative explanations or proposed solutions to observed phenomena

Question 27

Describe the role of experimentation and testing in the Traditional Model of Scientific Methodology. Experiments are designed and conducted to test the formulated hypotheses

Answer 27

involving the manipulation of variables under controlled conditions.

Question 28

What process follows experimentation in the Traditional Model

Answer 28

and how is data analysed? Data collected from experiments are analysed statistically or qualitatively to draw conclusions.

Question 29

After data analysis

Answer 29

what is the next step in the Traditional Model

Question 30

What role does iteration play in the Traditional Model

Answer 30

and when might the process be repeated? If necessary

Question 31

What does EMS stand for

Answer 31

and what does it encompass in terms of electromagnetic radiation? EMS stands for the electromagnetic spectrum

Question 32

Explain the role of UV radiation in pollination and its potential impact on the rate of photosynthesis. UV radiation increases the rate of pollination

Answer 32

but it can reduce the rate of photosynthesis.

Question 33

What is the role of UV radiation in the production of vitamin D

Answer 33

and what are the risks associated with excessive UV exposure? UV radiation plays a role in the production of vitamin D

Question 34

Who was Eratosthenes

Answer 34

and what observations did he make regarding the Sun’s shadows in ancient times? Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician and astronomer who observed that the Sun cast different shadow lengths at different locations on Earth.

Question 35

How did Eratosthenes conduct experiments to test his hypothesis about the Earth’s curvature

Answer 35

and what was the outcome of his measurements? He measured the Sun’s angle at two locations and used the distance between them to estimate the Earth’s circumference. The outcome was a remarkably accurate approximation of the Earth’s circumference.

Question 36

What conclusion did Eratosthenes draw from his calculations

Answer 36

and what did it reveal about his understanding of geometry and the Earth’s shape? Eratosthenes’ calculations provided a remarkably accurate approximation of the Earth’s circumference

Question 37

What legacy did Eratosthenes leave regarding Earth’s size and shape

Answer 37

and how did his methodology impact scientific understanding? His methodology laid the groundwork for understanding the Earth’s size and shape

Question 38

In what ways did Eratosthenes’ techniques become foundational in geography and navigation

Answer 38

influencing the development of cartography and exploration? His techniques became foundational in geography and navigation

Question 39

What is the Doppler Effect

Answer 39

and who is it named after? The Doppler Effect is a phenomenon describing the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the source of the wave. It is named after Austrian physicist Christian Doppler.

Question 40

During the 19th century

Answer 40

what observations did Christian Doppler make regarding the sound of a moving object? Doppler observed that the sound of a moving object changes as it approaches or recedes from an observer.

Question 41

What hypothesis did Christian Doppler propose to explain the changes in the sound of a moving object

Answer 41

and how did he conduct experiments to demonstrate this effect with sound waves? Doppler hypothesised that the frequency of sound waves changes with the relative motion of the source and the observer. He conducted experiments demonstrating that the pitch of a sound increases as the source approaches and decreases as it moves away.

Question 42

Beyond sound waves

Answer 42

how did Doppler’s work become a foundational principle in understanding wave behaviour? Doppler’s work became a foundational principle in understanding wave behaviour

Question 43

In astronomy

Answer 43

what observations led astronomers to hypothesise the application of the Doppler Effect

Question 44

What crucial tool in astronomy allowed scientists to analyze Doppler shifts in the light emitted by celestial bodies

Answer 44

and what insights did this provide into the movement of celestial objects? Spectroscopy became a crucial tool

Question 45

In the medical field

Answer 45

what observations regarding ultrasound waves and moving blood cells led to the hypothesis that the Doppler Effect could provide information about blood flow? Doctors observed changes in the frequency of ultrasound waves reflected off moving blood cells.

Question 46

How was Doppler ultrasound technology developed

Answer 46

and what role does it play in medical diagnostics? Doppler’s ultrasound technology was developed

Question 47

What applications have been developed in meteorology using Doppler weather radar systems

Answer 47

and what weather events do they monitor and predict? Doppler weather radar systems have been developed to monitor and predict severe weather events

Question 48

In 1774

Answer 48

what observations did Priestley make during his experiments

Question 49

What substances did Priestley heat in his experiments

Answer 49

leading to the release of a gas that he later identified as “dephlogisticated air” or oxygen? Priestley heated various substances

Question 50

How did Priestley continue to investigate the properties of the newly discovered gas

Answer 50

and what conclusions did he draw about its effects on combustion and respiration? Priestley investigated the effects of oxygen on the flame of a candle and its ability to support the respiration of small animals. He concluded that oxygen played a crucial role in combustion and respiration.

Question 51

Who collaborated with Joseph Priestley in furthering the understanding of oxygen

Answer 51

and what significant contributions did this collaboration make to the discrediting of the phlogiston theory? Antoine Lavoisier collaborated with Priestley

Question 52

What role did the recognition of oxygen’s significance play in subsequent research in chemistry and biology

Answer 52

with applications in fields such as medicine and industry? The recognition of oxygen’s significance influenced subsequent research in chemistry and biology

Question 53

What legacy did Joseph Priestley leave in the realm of chemistry

Answer 53

and how did his work contribute to the establishment of pneumatic chemistry? Priestley’s work contributed to the establishment of pneumatic chemistry

Question 54

What is the first step in developing your own investigation

Answer 54

and what considerations should guide the choice of a research question? The first step is to identify a research question. Considerations should include personal interest

Question 55

Why is a literature review an essential component of developing an investigation

Answer 55

and what key aspects should be considered during this process? A literature review provides context

Question 56

In the section “Conducting an Investigation

Answer 56

” what are the key steps involved in implementing the research plan

Question 57

Explain the significance of validity and reliability in the context of an investigation. Provide examples of how to ensure validity and reliability. Validity ensures accurate measurement

Answer 57

while reliability ensures consistency. Examples include face validity

Question 58

What is the importance of defining the scope of your literature review

Answer 58

and what steps should be taken to conduct a comprehensive search for relevant sources? Defining the scope focuses efforts

Question 59

When conducting a literature review

Answer 59

why is it essential to evaluate the quality of sources

Question 60

What are the key steps in organising literature and synthesising information to provide a comprehensive overview in a literature review? Key steps include creating a systematic organisation method

Answer 60

using reference management tools

Question 61

How can you identify gaps in the literature during a literature review

Answer 61

and why is it important to recognise these gaps? Analysing the literature and identifying unanswered questions or areas of limited research helps recognise gaps. Recognising gaps is crucial as it guides future research

Question 62

Explain the process of writing a literature review

Answer 62

including the importance of an outline and creating coherence in the structure. The process involves integrating summaries and analyses into a coherent structure. Outlining is essential for organising sections such as introduction

Question 63

What are the key aspects to consider when reviewing the scientific literature with a critical perspective

Answer 63

and why is staying updated crucial in this process? Key aspects include questioning methodologies