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SOIL > Module 5, rock shit > Flashcards

Module 5, rock shit Flashcards

1
Q

what section includes the upper most part of mantle and the crust

A

lithosphere

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2
Q

The movement between adjacent plates falls into three broad categories

A

convergent
divergent
transform

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3
Q

Mafic meaning?

A

used for silicate minerals, magmas, and rocks which are relatively high in the heavier elements. The term is derived from using the MA from magnesium and the FIC from the Latin word for iron, dark and dense (basalt and gabro)

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4
Q

Felsic meaning?

A

used for silicate minerals, magmas, and rocks which have a lower percentage of the heavier elements, and are correspondingly enriched in the lighter elements, such as silicon and oxygen, aluminum, and potassium, light, quartz

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5
Q

when to use thin arch dam

A

narrow valley, strong abudments, aghgreagate, cement

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6
Q

when to use gravity dam

A

narrowish valley, strong footprint, aggregate, cement

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7
Q

embankmnet dam

A

any valley, stable abutments

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8
Q

physical weathering processes

A 
unloading
thermal expansion
frost shattering
salt crystallisation 
root growth 
wetting and drying
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9
Q

chemical weathering

A

hydrolysis
oxidation
dissolution
leaching

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10
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

breakdown of silicate minerals in water to form clays

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11
Q

what is oxidation

A

rusting of ferrous rocks

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12
Q

what is dissolution

A

ions dissolving into the water

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13
Q

what affects soil behaviour

A 
particale size
shape
size distribution
stress history
contact geometry
pore space
bonding
deformation
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14
Q

where get soil for dam?

A

reservoir footprint

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15
Q

What are the ground conditions required for an earthquake to trigger liquefaction?

A

Loose, non-cemented, water-saturated granular soil (mainly sand)

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16
Q

What are the common effects of liquefaction on foundations?

A

Loss of bearing capacity, loss of frictional strength, and differential settlement

17
Q

What soils exhibit expansive behaviour?

A

Mixed-layer clays

18
Q

Name three common causes of ground subsidence.

A 
Natural cavern collapse (in areas of karst or other soluble rock types)
Mining-induced or tunnelling-induced settlement
Tectonic movement (coastal subsidence following subduction zone earthquakes)
Dewatering (void space collapse due to over-pumping groundwater or hydrocarbons)
19
Q

What physical characteristics control the overall mechanical behaviour of rock?

A

Discontinuities -fractures, joints, faults

20
Q

What type of plate margin is New Zealand located on?

A

Convergent (subduction)in the north and south, with a translational component (the Alpine fault zone) in the middle

21
Q

What geological time period is of most importance for engineering?

A

The most recent, Quaternary era.

22
Q

What are the prominent Quaternary soil types found in New Zealand?

A

Loess (wind-blown silt), alluvial (river sands and gravels), and volcanic ash. Glacial soils are more common in the Southern Alps.

23
Q

What rock type makes up the majority of the bedrock in the South Island?

A

The basement rock for much of the South Island is Torlesse Greywacke, a sedimentary rock (mostly sandstone)

24
Q

How does unloading affect a rock mass?

A

Physical relaxation results in the development of ground-parallel fractures/joints; these decrease in frequency with depth. Delamination along near-surface joints leads to rock slides on slopes above the friction angle of the material.

25
Q

What rocks are most susceptible to chemical weathering?

A

High temperature (basic) igneous rocks and soluble sedimentary rocks

26
Q

What are the common products of chemical weathering of crystalline rocks?

A

clays

27
Q

Why does the presence of pyrite in a foundation excavation pose a problem?

A

Oxidation of pyrite produces gypsum, resulting in foundation heave. Also produces acidic groundwater

28
Q

What are rocks commonly contain pyrite?

A

Black shale, coal, igneous rocks, and some metamorphic rocks

29
Q

What are the mechanisms of particle transport?

A

Traction (rolling) and saltation (bouncing); both considered bed load, and suspension; suspended load

30
Q

glacial valley distinct shape

A

u shaped

31
Q

lodgement till

A

soil at end under glacier, consolidated well. stronger than expdcted

32
Q

what type of rocks formed from evaporations

A

evaporitic minerals, gypsum etc

33
Q

three nodes in the soil triangle

A

ground profile, soil behavior , appropriae model

34
Q

list 10 hazards

A 
volcanic
earthquake
liquefaction
landslides
expansive soils
subsidence
settlement
mining induced subsidence
costal errosion
35
Q

difference between oceanic and continental crust

A

continental is 15-30 km thick, acid rock, granite (intrusive)
oceanic is 5 km thick, basic rock, like basalt (extrusive)

36
Q

with increaseing metamorphism what changes in the rock properties

A

increasing crystaline
larger crystals
crystals align
differenct minerals segregate into bands

SOIL (2 decks)

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