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BIOL1040 EXAM REVISION > Module 5: Principles of Endocrinology > Flashcards

Module 5: Principles of Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

List the 5 types of cell signalling

A
  1. Endocrine signalling
  2. Synaptic signalling
  3. Neuroendocrine signalling
  4. Paracrine signalling
  5. Autocrine signalling
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2
Q

Describe Endocrine signalling

A
  • long distance signalling
  • secrete molecules (hormones) diffuse into the blood stream, circulate, and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body
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3
Q

Describe Synaptic signalling

A
  • local signalling

- secreted molecules (neurotransmitters) diffuse across a synapse, triggering a response in cells of the targeted tissue

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4
Q

Describe Neuroendocrine signalling

A
  • long distance signalling
  • secreted molecules (neurohormones, e.g. oxytocin) diffuse into the blood stream, circulate, and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body
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5
Q

Describe Paracrine signalling

A
  • local signalling
  • secreted molecules (local regulators) diffuse locally through the extracellular fluid, triggering a response in neighbouring cells
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6
Q

Describe Autocrine signalling

A
  • local signalling

- secreted molecules (local regulators) diffuse locally, triggering a response in the cell which secreted them

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7
Q

List/ describe the two ways that animals manage their internal environment

A
  1. Regulating their internal environment despite external fluctuation: e.g. humans
  2. Allowing internal condition to conform to the external environment: e.g. reptiles (snakes, turtles)
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8
Q

List the 4 ways in which organisms regulate and maintain homeostasis

A
  1. Ectothermic vs. endothermic organisms
  2. Organisms use homeostasis to maintain a steady state or internal balance: independent of conditions in the external environment
  3. Hormones
  4. Types of hormones
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9
Q

Discuss 4 components of hormones

A
  • one of the modes of long distance communication in animals
  • endocrine cells in various organs and tissues release hormones into the blood stream
  • these messengers send signals to cells
  • specificity in receptors, specificity in binding
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10
Q

Discuss 3 components of types of hormones

A
  1. Water soluble (hydrophilic)
    - polypeptides: insulin
    - adrenaline: amine
  2. Lipid soluble (hydrophobic)
    - steroids: cortisol
    - thyroxine/thyroid hormone: amine
  3. Receptor location varies with hormone type
    - water soluble hormones must be carried within a vesicle and have a receptor protein, but are free in the blood
    - lipid soluble hormones are free in the cytoplasm and have a receptor protein on the nucleus, but must be carried on a transport protein in the blood
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11
Q

List 3 components of hormone uses

A
  1. Hormones have multiple effects in different target cells and species
  2. Feedback mechanisms
  3. Homeostasis with antagonistic hormones
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12
Q

Discuss in detail how: hormones have multiple effects in different target cells and species

A
  • thyroid hormones (e.g thyroxin) regulate homeostasis and development
  • adrenaline (fight or flight)
    ~in a liver cell (beta) blood glucose levels increase
    ~in a smooth muscle cell for skeletal muscle (beta), relaxes cell to dilate blood flow
    ~in a smooth muscle cell for intestines (alpha), contracts cell to constrict blood flow
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13
Q

Discuss in detail: feedback mechanisms

A
  • positive feedback: response reinforces stimulus, e.g. uterine contraction in birth
  • negative feedback: response reduces response to stimulus
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14
Q

Discuss in detail: homeostasis with antagonistic hormones

A
  • insulin vs. glucose in response to blood glucose levels rising/ falling (respectively) beta/alpha cells in pancreas: types 1 and 2 diabetes
  • homeostasis by RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)
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15
Q

List the 5 steps of homeostasis by RAAS for blood pressure

A
  1. Blood pressure/volume drops
  2. JGA detects decrease
    - JGA releases enzyme Renin
    - Liver releases Angiotensinogen
  3. Combines to form hormone Angiotensin 1
  4. Via ACE to Angiotensin 2
    - Arterioles constrict, increases blood pressure
    - Signals adrenal gland to produce aldosterone: Na+ and H20 are reabsorbed in distal tubules, increase blood volume
  5. Normal blood pressure and volume
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16
Q

List the 4 types of major human endocrine glands

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary gland
  3. Organs containing endocrine cells
    - pancreas
    - kidney
    - ovaries/testes
    - thymus
    - heart
    - liver
    - stomach
    - small intestine
  4. Other glands
    - pineal gland
    - thyroid gland
    - parathyroid glands (behind thyroid)
    - adrenal glands (atop kidneys)
17
Q

Discuss 3 points with regards to endocrine glands in the human brain

A
  • the pineal gland is located above the cerebellum
  • the hypothalamus is located below the thalamus which is below the cerebrum
  • the posterior and anterior pituitary are located below the hypothalamus
18
Q

List 3 overarching points with regards to posterior pituitary hormones

A
  1. Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus send neurohormones down axons to the posterior pituitary
  2. ADH (anti-diuretic hormone, aka. Vasopressin) (diuresis: increased urination)
  3. Diabetes insipidus
19
Q

Discuss in detail how: Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus send neurohormones down axons to the posterior pituitary

A
  • ADH is sent to the kidney tubules (anti-diuretic hormone controls water re-uptake in kidneys)
  • Oxytocin is sent to mammary glands and uterine muscles
20
Q

Discuss in detail: ADH

A
  • osmoregulation is the control of solute concentration in body fluids, especially blood plasma
    ~osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus triggers release of ADH
    ~It also generates thirst
    ~Normal blood osmolarity = 300 mOsm/L
  • if water content of blood is too low, the posterior pituitary gland secretes anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin
  • the cells of the collecting duct increase permeability of the plasma membrane to water
    ~They put water channels called aquaporins into their membranes
    ~As the filtrate passes down the collecting duct through the medulla the high solute concentration causes much of the water in the filtrate to be reabsorbed by osmosis
    ~a small quantity of concentrated urine is then produced
  • if the solute concentration is too low, ADH is not secreted and the collecting duct becomes less permeable
    ~once osmolarity is back to homeostatic set point
    ~negative feedback loop operates at the hypothalamic level reducing ADH production
  • ADH is a short polypeptide hormone (water soluble)
  • Cell signalling mechanisms
21
Q

Discuss in detail: Diabetes Insipidus

A
  • mutations that prevent ADH production cause diabetes insipidus (“to pass through”)
  • mutations in aquaporin genes can also cause DI
  • consequences
    ~severe dehydration
    ~solute imbalances due to increased (dilute) urine volume
  • not always genetic
    ~ alcohol can also inhibit ADH release
    ~excess urine and dehydration causes ‘hangover’
22
Q

Discuss 2 points with regards to Anterior pituitary hormones

A
  • the anterior pituitary gland is pink in colour due to portal vessels and a large coverage of capillaries. It is not directly connected to the hypothalamus
  • releases lots of hormones
23
Q

List/describe the 3 types of anterior pituitary hormones

A
  1. Tropic (targets other endocrine glands)
    - FSH, LH (gonadotropins)
    - TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
    - ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
  2. Nontropic
    - Prolactin (lactation in mammals, other uses in other animals)
    - MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone, also inhibits hunger)
  3. Both
    - GH (growth hormone)
24
Q

Complete the GOATFLAPM: all hormones table

A

Acrostic : Hormone Name : Where Produced : Tropic
G : GH : Anterior : Both
O : Oxytocin : Posterior : No
A : ADH : Post : Yes
T : TSH : Ant : Yes
F : FSH : Ant : Yes
L : LH : Ant : Yes
A : ACTH : Ant : Yes
P : Prolactin : Ant : No
M : MSH : Ant : No

BIOL1040 EXAM REVISION (7 decks)

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