module 5 - pathology

Question 1

labile tissue (with example)

Answer 1

tissue that consists of cells with high proliferative capacity - replaced regularly. eg. hematopoetic or epidermal cells

Question 2

stable tissue

Answer 2

tissue that consists of cells with limited proliferative capacity (cells typically live in G0 phase) - however they can reenter the frowth cycle in response to injury or other factors. eg. the parenchyma or most organs, smooth muscle cells

Question 3

permanent tissue

Answer 3

cells that have left the cell cycle (are in g0) and cannot reenter the cell cycle, and have limited stem cells reserves. eg. neural cells and skeletal muscle cells

Question 4

what are H & E staining

Answer 4

haemotoxylin - stains acidic structures such as nucleic acids (and therefore is referred to as basoophilic)
eosin - stians basic structures such as the cytoplasm (due to proteins) and therefore is reffered to as acidophilic

Question 5

what is etiology

Answer 5

the cause of a disease

Question 6

what is pathogenesis

Answer 6

the mechanism of cause of a disease

Question 7

what is pathology

Answer 7

the molecular or morphological changes as a result of the disease

Question 8

what are clinical manifestations

Answer 8

the signs and symptoms of a disease

Question 9

what are 4 types of adaption (listed in lecture)

Answer 9

hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, atrophy

Question 10

what is hypertrophy, and 2 examples

Answer 10

an increase in cell size and therefore organ size.
pathological - hypertension, resulting in a larger heart
physiological - increase in muscle size due to exercise

Question 11

what is hyperplasia, w 2 examples

Answer 11

an increase in cell number and therefore organ size
pathological - endometriosis
physiological - growth of sexual organs during puberty

Question 12

what is metaplasia w 2 examples

Answer 12

a change in cell type
physiological - squamous metaplasia that occurs during the menstrual cycle

Question 13

what is atrophy w 2 examples

Answer 13

a decrease in cell number/size and therefore organ size
pathological - due to disuse of limb following injury
physiological - embryonic development

Question 14

what is ischemia

Answer 14

loss of blood flow

Question 15

what morphological features may you see for reversible injury under a light microscope

Answer 15

cell swelling, fatty change (accumulation of lipids within the cell), plasma membrane blebbing, ER and mitochondrial changes

Question 16

what is karyolysis

Answer 16

breakdown of the nucleus (which results in reduced basophilic staining)

Question 17

what is pyknosis

Answer 17

nuclear shirnking/condenstation (results in increased basophilic staining)w

Question 18

what is karyorrhexia

Answer 18

nuclear fragmentation

Question 19

what are the different types of necrosis

Answer 19

liquefactive, coagulative

Question 20

what is coagulative necrosis

Answer 20

the denaturation of protein - cells are dead but tissue architecture is maintained. often due to ischemia and occurs in solid organs other than the brain

Question 21

what is liquefactive necrosis

Answer 21

results in the digestion of macromolecules - cells are digested leaving liquid. often seen in infection, and can occur due to ischemia in the brain, leabing fluid filled cavities

Question 22

what is laminar flow

Answer 22

the term used to describe normal blood flow, with leukocytes in the center of the vessel

Question 23

anaplastic meaning

Answer 23

‘form backwards’- the poorly differentiated cells of a malignant tumour

Question 24

dysplastic meaning

Answer 24

tumours that have disorganised growth patterns

Question 25

what broad origin is a carcinoma

Answer 25

epithelial

Question 26

what broad origin is a sarcoma

Answer 26

connective tissue

Question 27

is a higher grade tumour better or worse for health

Answer 27

higher grade

Question 28

4 classes of genes that contribute to the malignant phenotype of cancer:

Answer 28

- Genes that promote growth - oncogene - Genes that supress growth - TSG - Genes that regulate cell death (via apoptosis) - Genes involved in DNA repair

Question 29

what are matrix metalloproteases or MMPs, urokinase-type plasminogen activator or uPA, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and cathepsin B examples of

Answer 29

matrix degrading proteases

Question 30

what does EGFR doe

Answer 30

upregulates the expression of ECM degrading proteases

Question 31

what is carcinogenesis

Answer 31

the process of a cancer accumulating mutations

Question 32

what is angina

Answer 32

pain in the chest due to reduced blood flow to the heart (this is a reversible injury)

Question 33

how long do cardiomyocytes, neurons and skeletal muscle cells last without oxygen

Answer 33

cardiomyocytes - around 30 minutes neurons - 2-3 minutes skeletal muscle cells - hours

Question 34

difference between m1 and m2 macrophages

Answer 34

m1 are the classic ones you look at in innate immunity (ingest and eliminate microbes and dead tissue) , m2 are involved in tissue repair/scar formation (recruit fibroblasts, stimulate angiogenesis and the formation of the ECM)

Question 35

explain tissue repair steps

Answer 35

clearing of debris, recruitment of m2 macrophages, recruit fibroblasts (which produce collagen as a component of the ECM) and induce angiogensis - forming the granulation tissue. subsequent remodelling of the granulation tissue, reducing vascularisation, replacing type III collagen w type I

Question 36

what is extravasation

Answer 36

movement of things from the blood vessel to the extravascular space

Question 37

what is an atherosclerotic plague

Answer 37

a plaque that can build on the wall of the coronary arteries, occluding the artery, and forming a atheroma, or the condition atherosclerosis