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Biology > Module 5 - IQ 1 > Flashcards

Module 5 - IQ 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Extant

A

Not extinct/still surviving

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2
Q

What is a species with a long period of survival suggestive of?

A
  • The environment that the species live in is unchanging
  • The species has the capacity to reproduce and adapt to a changing environment quickly enough to survive
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3
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • Low energy expenditure
  • Rapid
  • Large numbers produced
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4
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • Low/no genetic diversity
  • Offspring all susceptible to same conditions
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5
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • High genetic diversity
  • Higher chance of offspring
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6
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • High energy expenditure
  • Low numbers of offspring
  • Slow
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7
Q

Why is genetic diversity advantageous?

A

Without it, an entire species will either survive or not survive an adverse event (eg a disease)

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8
Q

External Fertilisation (EF)

A

Happens outside the body of the female. EF must occur in an aqueous (watery) environment otherwise the gametes will dry out

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9
Q

Fertilisation

A

Joining of male and female gametes

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10
Q

Internal Fertilisation (IF)

A

Happens inside the body of the female. Often occurs in land environments where there is high risk of gametes drying out (desiccation)

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11
Q

Advantages of External Fertilisation

A
  • Low energy expenditure
  • Large numbers of offspring produced
  • Low or no parental care
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12
Q

Disadvantages of External Fertilisation

A
  • LOW CHANCE OF SURVIVAL
  • Hazardous environment
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13
Q

Advantage of Internal Fertilisation

A
  • HIGH CHANCE OF SURVIVAL
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14
Q

Disadvantages of Internal Fertilisation

A
  • High energy expenditure (for fertilisation and parental care)
  • Low numbers of offspring
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15
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Separates the daughter cells during PMAT

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16
Q

Binary fission

A

Splitting into two. A newly divided cell grows to twice its size, replicates its genetic material (DNA) and then splits into two cells with identical genetic material

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17
Q

Budding

A

An adult organism gives rise to a small bud which separates from the parent and grows into a new individual

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18
Q

Fragmentation

A

Body of organism breaking into two or more fragments, clones of original

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19
Q

Spores

A

Tiny, unicellular reproductive cells. Spores effectively expand the distribution of the species and are able to colonise new environments

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20
Q

Seeds

A

Part of sexual reproduction

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21
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilised egg

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22
Q

Muscular contraction

A

The movement of sperm is helped by muscular contraction of the walls of the uterus and the fallopian tubes

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23
Q

Where does fertilisation of the ovum occur?

A

In the fallopian tube

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24
Q

Implantation

A

Blastocyst reaches the uterus and embeds itself in the endometrium

25
Q

Blastocyst

A

A blastocyst is a cluster of dividing cells made by a fertilized egg. It’s the early stage of an embryo.

26
Q

Endometrium

A

Lining of the uterus

27
Q

What happens if implantation is successful?

A
  • The cells go on multiplying by cell division
  • Blastocyst cells form the embryo and the trophoblast
28
Q

Trophoblast

A

Cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provides nutrients to the embryo, and develops into a large part of the placenta

29
Q

Amniotic sac

A

Fluid-filled protective ‘bag’ around the embryo

30
Q

Stages of cell from zygote to foetus

A

Zygote
Morula - 8 cells
Blastocyst
Embryo: 3 - 8 weeks - mitosis
Foetus: 9 - 12 weeks

31
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

A

Responsible for early pregnancy systems

32
Q

Progesterone

A

Maintains the functionality of placenta and prevents sudden movement and contraction of the uterus

33
Q

Estrogen

A
  • Controlled by luteinising
  • Facilitates the development of the lungs, kidneys, adrenal glands, liver and bone density of the foetus
  • protects female babies from the masculine effects of androgen
34
Q

Luteinising Hormone (LH)

A

Hormone that triggers ovulation and develops in the corpus luteum

35
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Helps control the menstrual cycle and the production of eggs by the ovaries.

36
Q

Prolactin

A

Produced in breasts, milk production.

37
Q

Human chorionic somatomammotropin hormone (HCS) or Human Placental Lactogen (HPL)

A

Facilitates foetal development and formation of lactation glands

38
Q

Oxytocin

A

Facilitates the delivery process of the baby and stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk

39
Q

Calcitonin

A

Calcium metabolism, prevents bone calcium entering blood system

40
Q

Prolactin + oxytocin

A

Help the woman get rid of post pregnancy problems

41
Q

Agriculture

A

The cultivation and breeding of animals, plants and fungi for food, biofuels, fibre, timber and other products

42
Q

What is agriculture used for?

A

To sustain and enhance human life

43
Q

What is the purpose of manipiulating plant and animal reproduction

A

To improve the quality and yield of food

44
Q

Reprodcutive technology

A

Assists and improves reproduction

45
Q

Why use reproductive technologies?

A

Selective breeding - deliberately select a trait

46
Q

Embryo implantation

A

Including embryo splitting and cloning as well as embryo sexing and selection

47
Q

Examples of reproductive technologies

A
  • Artificial insemination
  • Artificial pollination
  • IVF
  • Cloning
  • Embryo selection
  • Tissue culture
  • Selective breeding and hybridisation
48
Q

Clone

A

Groups of genetically identical organisms, derived from a single original plant cell

48
Q

Runners

A

Modified laterally growing stems used to reproduce asexually. Each new plantlet can separate to produce a new plant.

48
Q

Tubers

A

The swollen tips of underground stems are storage organs in plants. In spring each tuber starts to grow producing separate plants all clones of the parent plant.

48
Q

SCNT

A

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

49
Q

SCNT process

A
  1. Remove a differentiated diploid nucleus from the individual to be cloned
  2. Enucleate a donor egg cell
  3. Insert the diploid nucleus into the enucleated egg cell
  4. Implant into the endometrium of a surrogate mother and gestate
  5. The newborn will be genetically to the donor nucleus parents
50
Q

Plasmids

A
  • Small circular rings of DNA
  • Can be passed between prokaryotes
  • Plasmids can be used to transfer genes into bacteria
51
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Have two types of DNA:
1. Single chromosome
2. Plasmids

52
Q

Gene transfer

A

1.Restriction enzymes ‘cut’ the desired gene from the genome
2. The same restriction enzyme cut into the plasmid
3. Same restriction enzyme - same bases are left exposed creating ‘sticky ends’
4. Ligase joins the sticky ends
5. The recombinant plasmid is inserted into the host cell. It now expresses the new gene.

53
Q

Ligase

A

An enzyme which brings about ligation of DNA or another substance.

54
Q

Restriction enzyme

A

An enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, that has the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases.

55
Q

Bt corn

A

Genes from BT have been inserted into maize so GM plants can produce an insecticidal toxin and therefore be resistance to pests

56
Q
A

Biology (1 decks)

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