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Biology HSC 2021 > Module 5: Heredity Glossary > Flashcards

Module 5: Heredity Glossary Flashcards

Definitions of Key terms explored in Module 5

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1
Q

What is an allele?

A

alternative form of a gene

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2
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

A type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only

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3
Q

What is binary fission?

A

A kind of asexual reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes such as bacteria. It occurs in some single-celled Eukaryotes such as the amoeba

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4
Q

What is Budding?

A

a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site. The bulb-like projection coming out fro, the yeast cell is called a bud.

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5
Q

What is a carrier?

A

a heterozygous individual not expressing a recessive trait but capable of passing it on to its offspring

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6
Q

What is centromere?

A

The replicated arms if the chromosome are held together by this structure

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7
Q

What is a cervix?

A

the elongate inferior end of the uterus where it connects to the vagina

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8
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

structures within the nucleus made of DNA that contain all the genetic information of an organism

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9
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

One of two halves of a duplicated chromosome

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10
Q

What is cloning?

A

a cell, cell product, or organism that is genetically identical to the unit or individual from which it was derived

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11
Q

What is corpus Luteum?

A

A transformed follicle after ovulation that secrets progesterone

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12
Q

What is diploid?

A

Having two sets of chromosomes or double the haploid number of chromosomes with one number of each chromosome pair comes from the ovum and one from the sperm

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13
Q

What is DNA?

A

The chemical compound that makes up genes with chromosomes and in the basic material of hereditary. Two chains of nucleotides twist around each other to form a double helix.

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14
Q

What is the dominant allele?

A

an allele that is always expressed when present, regardless of whether the organism is homozygous or heterozygous for that gene

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15
Q

What is endometrium?

A

The inner lining of the uterus, part of which builds up during the secretory please of the menstrual cycle and then sheds with the menses

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16
Q

What is epididymis?

A

The coiled tubular structure in which sperm starts to mature and are stored until ejaculation

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17
Q

What is external fertilisation?

A

sperm fertilises egg outside the female body

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18
Q

What is fragmentation?

A

a form of asexual reproduction in which an organism is split into a fragment. Each of these fragments develops into a matured, fully grown individual that is identical to their parents.

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19
Q

What is internal fertilisation?

A

Sperm inserted into the female body

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20
Q

What is a gamete?

A

a haploid (n) sex cell in plants in animals (egg or sperm)

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21
Q

what is a Gene?

A

a discrete unit of hereditary information that usually specifies a protein; a region of DNA located on a chromosome that specifies a trait

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22
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

all the genes in a population

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23
Q

What is genetics?

A

the study of genes and inheritance patterns

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24
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic make-up of an individual

25
Q

What is Gonadotropin-releasing hormone?

A

GnRH is a hormone released by the hypothalamus that regulated the production of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland

26
Q

What is haploid?

A

One set of chromosomes per cell (n) found in the sex cells. There are 23 in humans

27
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

Possessing a pair unlike alleles for a particular gene

28
Q

What is homozygous?

A

possessing a pair of identical alleles for a particular gene

29
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that are similar in shape and form and the genes they consist of. One set comes from the father and the other from the mother.

30
Q

What is inheritance?

A

The transmission of genetic information from a parent to a child

31
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The special division which only takes place in the sex cells of females and males, resulting in egg and sperm cells that contain 23 chromosomes. “Daughter’ cells are not identical to parent cells.

32
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

An approximate 28-day phase cycle of changes in the uterus consisting of a menses phase, a proliferative phase and a secretory phase.

33
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The process of cell division in body cells. Mitosis results in “daughter’ cells which are genetically identical to the parent cell.

34
Q

What is a mutation?

A

a permanent heritable change in the bases sequence in a gene or chromosome

35
Q

What is the Oocyte?

A

A cell that results from the division of the oogonium and undergoes meiosis I at the Lh surge and meiosis 2 at fertilisation to become a haploid ovum

36
Q

What is Oogenesis?

A

A process by which oogonia divide by mitosis to primary oocytes, which undergo meiosis to produce the secondary oocyte and upon fertilisation, the ovum

37
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

Approximately a 28-day cycle of changes in the ovary consisting of a follicular phase and a luteal phase

38
Q

What are ovaries?

A

female gonads that produce oocytes and sex steroid hormones such as estrogen and progesterone

39
Q

What is ovulation?

A

The release of a secondary oocyte and associated granulosa cells from an ovary

40
Q

What is the ovum?

A

A haploid female gamete resulting from completion of meiosis 2 at fertilisation

41
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

Reproduction from an ovum without fertilisation, especially as a normal process in some invertebrates and lower plants

42
Q

What is a penis?

A

The male organ of copulation

43
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The physical or chemical expression of an organism’s genes

44
Q

What is a polar body?

A

A smaller cell produced during the process of meiosis in oogenesis

45
Q

What is the prostate gland?

A

`A doughnut-shaped gland at the base of the bladder surrounding the urethra and contributing fluid to semen during ejaculation

46
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

The external pouch of skin and muscles that houses the testes

47
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

An allele that is only expressed when the organism is homozygous for that allele and not expressed when heterozygous

48
Q

What is semen?

A

Ejaculatory fluid composed of sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands

49
Q

What is the seminal vesicle?

A

The gland that produces seminal fluid, which contributes to semen

50
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

The intentional breeding of an organism with a desirable trait in an attempt to produce offspring with similar desirable traits

51
Q

What is seminiferous breeding?

A

The structures within the testes where spermatogenesis occurs

52
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

The production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different sexes

53
Q

What is SNPS?

A

Single nucleotide polymorphisms, frequently called SNP’s are the most common type of genetic variation among people/ Each SNP represents a difference in a single nucleotide

54
Q

What is sperm?

A

male gamete

55
Q

What are spores?

A

A reproductive cell capable of developing into a new individual without fusion with another reproductive cell. Spores are produced by bacteria, fungi, algae and plants.

56
Q

What are testes?

A

male gonads

57
Q

What is the uterus?

A

The muscular hollow organ in which a fertilised egg develops into a fetus

58
Q

What is a vagina?

A

A tunnel-like organ that provides access to the uterus fr the insertion of semen and from the uterus

59
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A diploid (2n) cell resulting from the union of two gametes in sexual reproduction

Biology HSC 2021 (3 decks)

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