Module 5 - Exams of the GU System Flashcards
What are common indications for GU studies?
Vesicoureteral reflux, UTIs, neurogenic bladder, trauma, fistulae, strictures, masses, stress incontinence.
What are two main contraindications for GU studies?
Active urinary tract infection and pregnancy.
What contrast type is used for antegrade GU studies?
Non-ionic iodinated contrast at full concentration.
What contrast type is used for retrograde GU studies?
Non-ionic iodinated contrast at approximately 30% concentration.
What is the purpose of iodinated contrast media?
To increase radiographic contrast for better visualization of the urinary system.
What are common properties of iodinated contrast?
Radiopaque, water-soluble, colorless, high osmolality.
What are potential mild reactions to contrast media?
Nausea, vomiting, flushing, dizziness, itching.
What are potential severe reactions to contrast media?
Laryngeal edema, seizures, hypotension, cardiac arrest.
What should a technologist do during a contrast reaction?
Monitor patient, follow protocol, notify radiologist, document incident.
What patient preparation is needed for retrograde GU studies?
No preparation typically required.
What patient preparation is needed for IVU studies?
NPO, bowel prep, hold certain medications like metformin.
What is the first step in a retrograde cystography?
Patient empties bladder before catheterization.
How is contrast delivered in a retrograde cystogram?
Via a Foley catheter into the bladder.
What are typical image projections in a cystogram?
AP axial, RPO, LPO, lateral.
What is a voiding cystourethrogram?
A functional study where images are taken as the patient voids.
What is the purpose of urethral imaging during a VCUG?
To visualize the urethra for strictures or reflux.
How is catheterization done for GU procedures?
Sterile technique using Foley catheter and lubrication.
Can technologists remove urinary catheters?
Yes, with a radiologist’s order, following proper procedure.
What are technologist responsibilities during setup?
Prepare contrast and equipment, check fluoroscopy, maintain sterile field.
What equipment is needed for a cystogram setup?
Contrast media, IV tubing, catheter tray, clamps, lead shielding.
What is the maximum bladder filling volume during cystography?
Up to 1000 cc, though patients may feel urge to void at 100–150 cc.
What are steps after catheter insertion?
Clamp catheter, secure it, connect to contrast, begin fluoroscopy.
How can technologists support anxious patients?
Provide reassurance, clear explanations, and maintain dignity.
What should be done post-procedure?
Encourage voiding, provide cleaning supplies, increase fluid intake.
What is nephrotoxicity in relation to contrast?
Damage to the kidneys caused by excretion of iodinated contrast.
What is the role of non-ionic contrast media?
Minimize adverse reactions compared to ionic contrast.
What is the function of a nephrogram image?
Early visualization of the kidneys during IVU.
What is the purpose of a cystourethrogram?
To assess urethra and bladder during filling and voiding phases.
What is a common aid used if a patient cannot void?
Turn on running water to stimulate the urge to urinate.
What should you always do when removing a catheter?
Deflate the balloon completely before slow removal.
