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Bio 264 test 2 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Glial Cells

A

Supporting cells

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1
Q

Neurons

A

Signaling units

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2
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System: neurons associated with central processing and located in the brain and spinal cord.

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3
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system: neurons associated with sensory input (afferent) and motor output (efferent) and functions to connect the cns to all other parts of the body

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4
Q

Transmittion path of info

A

stimulous-receptor-afferent pathway-control center-efferent pathway-effector-response
Sensory receptors send info via PNS to CNS for processing and if needed CNS will send new info through the PNS to target organs

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5
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscle

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6
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Regulates involuntary functions of organs and tissues.

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

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7
Q

Semi-independent nervous sys: Enteric nervous sys.

A

Controls the gastrointestinal tract.
Semi because it can run indep. or through modulation by the atuonomic nervous sys. and contains more nerouns than the spinal cord

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8
Q

Cell body or soma

A

Portion of cell that surrounds the nucleus and plays a major role in synthesizing proteins

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9
Q

Dendrites

A

Short branched processes that extend from cell body to receive info through receptors located on membranes that bind to chem. called neurotransmitters

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10
Q

Axon

A

a large process that extends from the cell body at point of origin-axon hillock and sends info. Contains microtubules parallel and surrounded by myelin sheeth.
Proteins walk along microtubles away (anterograde) toward (retrograd) transport

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11
Q

Myelin

A

Coil and wrap membranes around the outside of the axon for electrical insulation and speeding up action potential propagation. For CNS, uses multiple processes to mylenate multiple segments of axons.

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12
Q

Axon Terminal

A

Multiple endings convert the electrical signal into an chem. signal called “synaptic transmission”.

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13
Q

Neurons and ability

A

Amitotic-lose their ability to divide. Exceptions are olfactory and hippocampal. If damaged or lost is not easily replaced and limited recovery. High metabolic rates & need high lvls of glucose and O2 & will faint if low

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14
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Having 3 or more processes that extend out from the cell body. 99% of neurons in humans and major neuron in CNS & efferent PNS

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15
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

2 processes that extend in opposite directions from the cell body. 1 is a dendrite. 1 is the axon. In retina of eye & olfactory sys.

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16
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

1 short process that extends from the cell body and then branches into 2 more processes that extend in opposite directions. Extend perpherally for sensory reception. Part that extends towards the CNS is the centrral process. Found in Afferent PNS

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17
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Afferrent neurons transmit info from sensory receptors in the skin or internal organs toward CNS for processing
Unipolar

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18
Q

Motor neurons

A

Efferent neurons transmit info away from CNS toward some type of effector
Multipolar

19
Q

Interneurons

A

located between motor & sensory pathways are involved in signal integration.
Most are confined within the CNS

20
Q

Synaptic Transmition

A

Neuron to cell or neuron across the synaptic terminal

22
Q

Chem. Synapses

A

Occur when membranes close together but remain distinct leaving a space. Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse to the presynaptic terminal. the narrow space between the 2 regions is the synaptic cleft. Receiving end - postsynaptic terminal. When action potential arrives at arrives at pre. voltage gated Ca channels open= influx of Ca.= activation of exocytosis= release of neurotransmitters and binds to receptors in postsynaptic membrane and induces a conformational change= pore in membrane for ions to move through. Depolarizing- excitatory Hyperpolarizing- inhibitory

23
Q

Electrical synapses

A

Occur when membranes are linked together (gap junctions). Heart muscle.

24
Q

EPSP

IPSP

A

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential: Cause change to initiate an action potential
Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential: Cause change in membrane to prevent an action potential.
Afterwards it will go to resting membrane potential

25
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Many ESPS from multiple synapses can combine at a soma to make a larger voltage change which exceeds threshold and cause action potential

26
Q

Temporal Summation

A

ESPS from the same synapse can combine if they arrive in rapid succession
Requiring multiple EPSPs to fire an action potential are ways that neurons increase sensitivity and accuracy

27
Q

Excitatory Synapses

A

Use glutamate or aspartate as neurotransmitters to bind to non-selective cationic channels for Na & K to pass.
Long-term Potentiation: glutamate neurotransmitter & NMDA receptor. NMDA is ligand Na & voltage regulated so permeable to Ca second messenger cascade that results in increased glutamate receptors= increase strength of synapse lasting for weeks or more.
Electrical synapses are found in the heart.

28
Q

Inhibitory synapses

A

GABA & Glycine neurotransmitters bind to receptors that increase Cl- which moves into the cell & opposes depolarization

29
Q

Modulatory synapses

A

Can be primed by neuromodulators to respond more powerfully to other inputs
Ex: norepinephrine has little effect on synaptic transmission but when cell is exposed to it 1st it will react more powerfully to glutamate

30
Q

Microglial Cell

Glial cell

A

Rapidly activated in CNS to injury. Become phagocytic. Also present antigens to lymphocytes in response to infection. Could be toxic to neurons.

31
Q

Ependymal Cell

Glial cell

A

Line the cavities of the CNS & are important barriers between the cerebral spinal fluid and brain extracellular space. Beat their celia to help circulate the cerebral spinal fluid

32
Q

Oligodendrocyte

Glial cell

A

Provide & maintain myelin sheaths around axons. pH regulation of CNS
Multiple sclerosis: destruction of oligodendrocytes resulting in a reduction in myelin= decrease in conductivity and action potential= loss of sensory perception & motor control

33
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Exposed axon

34
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Autoimmune disease that results in the selective destruction of oligodendrocytes via demyelination= loss of sensory perception and motor control, decreases conduction velocity and duration of action potentials

35
Q

Schwann Cell

Glial cell of the PNS

A

the mylenating cell of the PNS of a single segment of an axon.

36
Q

Satellite Cell

Glial cell of the PNS

A

Help regulate the external chem. environment around neurons of the PNS. (Similar to astrocyte of CNS). Highly sensitive to injury and inflammation.

37
Q

Astrocyte

A

Have an enormous amount of processes that wrap around blood vessels and neurons. Modify extracellular environment around neurons

38
Q

Glycogen Storage

Astorcyte

A

store all glycogen present in the CNS, used to help meet the high metabolic needs of the CNS. Main source is blood glucose

39
Q

K+ Permeability

Astorcyte

A

Trap K+ through Na+/K+ ATPase pump and co-transporters.

40
Q

Gap junctions

Astorcyte

A

Astocytes are coupled to each other as well as other glial cells and neurons through gap junctions. This may serve to help modulate activity and sensitivity in the CNS

41
Q

Neurotransmitters

Astorcyte

A

Astorcytes synthesize over 20 different neurotransmitters and take up excess neurotransmitter to help terminate signals at the synapse

42
Q

Growth Factors

Astorcyte

A

Actorcytes secrete a variety of growth factors which are important for the establishment of fully functioning excitatory synapses

43
Q

Hyper-polarizing is

A

inhibitory

44
Q

Long term potentiation

A

Very important subset of synapses in the brain includes a group capable of forming memories by increasing the activity & strength of synapse
Uses Glutamate the NMDA receptor
NMDA receptor is ligand & voltage regulated

45
Q

Blood Flow

A

Astrocytes can modulate blood flow in the brain by inducing localized vasodialtion or constriction through gap junctions between astrocytes and endothelial cells of brain blood vessels

Bio 264 test 2 (3 decks)

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