module 5 Flashcards
What percentage of deaths globally are attributed to NCDs?
Around 70% of deaths globally are attributed to NCDs.
The River Story
different types of disease prevention strategies metaphor
Disease prevention
aims to minimize incidence or effects of disease
Disease prevention 4 stages
primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary
Primordial prevention
targets underlying health determinants by modifying social policies to improve health of population and prevent risk factor development
Primary prevention
targets susceptible individuals in attempt to prevent disease development and targets exposures and risk factors of diseases to increase immunity
Secondary intervention
early detection and treatment of disease
Tertiary intervention
reduce impact of disease on patient’s function, survival, and quality of life
Stage of prevention involving health promotion
primordial
Effective health promotion 2 approaches:
identification risk and reduced average risk
Identification risk
identify individuals susceptible to risk factor and intervene to reduce development of risk
Reduced average risk
for whole population via legislative and/or public policy changes
First International Conference on Health Promotion
in Ottawa in 1986 and The Ottawa Charter of Health Promotion developed
The Ottawa Charter of Health Promotion
build healthy public policy, create supportive environments , strengthen community actions
3 categories health promotion targets
environmental, social, and other factors
Social factors health promotion targets examples
education, family, social economic status (SES), war/conflict, culture, race/racism
Other factors health promotion targets examples
internal/external factors affecting health, healthy/unhealthy behvaiours, quality health services availability
to changing health behaviours barriers
grouped into SEM levels
SEM intrapersonal level
within control of individual. involves social relationships
SEM interpersonal factors
knowledge, attitudes, skills, self-efficacy, motivation, age, SES
SEM community/institution
It encompasses social and physical environments, social and gender norms, sense of empowerment, and policies influencing social environments of schools and workplaces.
SEM public policy
broad structural factors like local, state, and federal policies that can enable or hinder individual’s ability to take control over health
What is the Health Belief Model (HBM)?
One of the best-known and most widely used theories of health behaviour change.
Who developed the Health Belief Model (HBM) and why?
A group of psychologists in the 1950s developed it to understand the widespread failure of TB screening programs.
What are the key components of the Health Belief Model (HBM)?
Perceived seriousness, perceived benefits vs. perceived barriers, perceived susceptibility, self-efficacy, and cues to action.
What does the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) outline?
It outlines the process of intentional behaviour change through 6 stages.
What are the 6 stages of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM)?
Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and relapse.
What characterizes the Precontemplation stage in TTM?
People are unaware of the need to change and often uninformed about the consequences of their behavior.
What occurs during the Contemplation stage in TTM?
It is the ‘getting ready’ stage where people are often ambivalent or ‘behavioral procrastinators.’
What is involved in the Preparation stage of TTM?
Individuals have motivation and a plan of action, taking some steps to change.
What happens during the Action stage in TTM?
Individuals are actively trying to modify their lifestyle and want to succeed.
What defines the Maintenance stage in TTM?
Individuals have sustained their behavior change for at least 6 months and work towards preventing relapses.
What is the Relapse stage in TTM?
Individuals abandon the idea of changing due to difficulty in maintaining new behavior, and healthcare workers may encourage re-entering the contemplation stage.
What are the levels of health promotion?
Individual, peer or group, and population-based.
What is individual health promotion?
It involves one-on-one interactions and is suitable for transferring individualized information, but can be labor-intensive and costly.
What is peer or group health promotion?
It occurs in small groups, institutions, or communities and is suitable when social interaction is helpful.
What are the two main types of population-based health promotion?
Legislation, regulation, and policy; and social marketing.
What does population-based legislation, regulation, and policy aim to achieve?
Effective but often overlooked approach as it requires political will and public support that helps change environments and sets the comm standard for behavior causing a massive shift in attitudes and behaviour
How does social marketing work?
It relies on ‘selling’ health like businesses sell products, leveraging a target niche market to influence social norms and attitudes.
Why is there a need for Indigenous voices in health promotion strategies?
When unheard, colonial health promotion strategies can perpetuate neocolonialism.
What issues arise from Indigenous health promotion researcher perspectives?
Many Indigenous health researchers do not come from Indigenous backgrounds, leading to contradictions between community priorities and researchers’ perspectives.
What is a significant issue in evaluating Indigenous health promotion interventions?
There is a lack of research on effectiveness due to reliance on westernized individualistic evaluation methods.
What initiatives has the Prince George Center for the North undertaken?
It has aimed to improve healthcare and health experiences for Indigenous Peoples, enabling treatment closer to home and providing telehealth services.
What is the role of an Aboriginal care coordinator?
They aid in fostering trust and facilitating treatment from an Indigenous perspective.
What is a healing garden?
A garden developed in consultation with Indigenous stakeholders, featuring Indigenous plants known for their healing properties.
What are the factors in Indigenous health promotion?
Protective factors, prevention, and spirituality.
What are some protective factors in Indigenous health promotion?
Self-government, land control, and control over cultural activities.
What does prevention in Indigenous health promotion involve?
Community-based approaches, gatekeeper training, and peer support groups.
How is spirituality incorporated into Indigenous health promotion?
It uses Indigenous concepts of well-being and spiritual practices.
What characterizes successful Indigenous health promotion programs?
Programs focusing on community and family connectedness, community empowerment, and cultural affinity have been successful in lowering suicide rates.
What is an example of a successful Indigenous health promotion program?
A community-based approach to treat substance abuse involving community healers utilizing spiritual practices, dances, and ceremonies.
Why have some Indigenous health promotion programs been unsuccessful?
Westernized suicide prevention programs have failed due to a lack of Indigenous perspective, creating cultural incongruences and sometimes increasing suicide rates.
What is the goal of health promotion in practice?
To increase the frequency of health behaviours and eliminate unhealthy behaviours.
How can the frequency of health behaviours be increased?
By identifying healthy behaviors and implementing programs to make them easier to achieve.
What is an example of a program that increases the frequency of health behaviours?
OMama is a phone app that helps moms track important pregnancy information and follow evidence-based health recommendations.
What is required to effectively eliminate unhealthy behaviours?
Interventions that help people replace unhealthy behaviours in a sustainable way.
What is an example of a program aimed at eliminating unhealthy behaviours?
Smoking Cessation Programs like Unsmoke aim to reduce tobacco use in Canada to 5% by 2035.
What traditional roles does tobacco play in First Nations?
Prayer, purifying the body and mind, providing spiritual strength, and as a symbol of respect in gatherings.
How has the historical use of tobacco in Metis culture been influenced?
It has been influenced by First Nations as a medicinal plant and for social use, with voyageurs using it to measure distance traveled.
Why do Inuit not typically use tobacco for ceremonial practices?
Tobacco could not grow in the colder climate of their traditional land.
What resolution has Ontario passed regarding tobacco use in First Nations?
A resolution for First Nations to become tobacco-free from non-traditional commercial use of tobacco.
What is The Sacred Smoke Program?
An initiative developed to support and promote being Tobacco-Wise in Batchewana First Nation and Garden River First Nation communities.
What culturally responsive strategies does The Sacred Smoke Program include?
Involvement of elders and coping strategies.
How does The Sacred Smoke Program incorporate elders?
Participants are shown how to make traditional tobacco and taught traditional smoking cessation methods.
What coping strategies are included in The Sacred Smoke Program?
Participants are shown how to incorporate activities like exercise, drumming, crafts, and cultural ceremonies into their daily routines.
What is the overlap between primordial and primary prevention?
It addresses risk factors or root causes affecting the likelihood of acquiring disease.
What are HPV infections known for?
They are the most common STI globally and can lead to 6 types of cancer.
When are HPV vaccinations most effective?
They are most effective if administered before becoming sexually active.
What is the primary prevention strategy for HPV-related cancers in Canada?
Vaccines are federally funded and administered in schools, offered to females and some provinces include males.
What is the Kilimanjaro Cervical Cancer Screening Project?
A project using cell phones to screen for cervical cancer in remote villages.
How do nurses and community health workers participate in the Cervical Cancer Screening Project?
They are trained to test for cervical cancer using vinegar and cell phones.
What are the steps in developing intervention steps?
Identify and assess the level of the problem, develop a solution, describe action, and assess potential impact.
What is quaternary prevention?
Action taken to identify patients at risk of overmedicalization and protect them from new medical invasions.
Who proposed the idea of quaternary prevention?
Marc Jamoulle proposed it in 2015, relating it to the ‘primum non nocere’ principle of medical ethics.
What is an example of quaternary prevention?
The current opioid crisis, caused by overprescription of opioids, has historically burdened marginalized and racialized people disproportionately.
What are problematic attitudes when providing aid?
Paternalistic and patronizing attitudes can be dangerous and may disguise harmful interventions.
