Module 5 Flashcards by Clothilda Ulid

Title of Module 5

Planting material selection, preparation, and methods of propagation

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Types of planting materials

Seeds
Vegetative propagules

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Types of seeds

Inbred variety
F1 hybrids
Open-pollinated variety

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Is a pure line, offspring anf future generation will inherit the same genetic compositon.

Inbred variety

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Refers to the first- generation offspring from a cross

F1 hybrid

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Developed through traditional crossing and selection over multiple generations.

Open-pollinated variety

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Seedling production and nursery management

Soaking or pre-germination
Scarification
Stratification
Seed hadening

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A common practice for large seeded crops with hard seed coat.

Soaking or pre-germination

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To soften or make wound on the seed coat. Done in hard seeded coat.

Scarification

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Exposing the germinating seeds to low temperature (0-5 degrees celsius)

Stratification

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Technique involves air drying germinating seeds before the radicle emerges, then sowing them immediately

Seed hardening

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Methods of planting annual crop

Direct seeding
Transplanting

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Direct seeding

Broadcasting
Drilling
Hill methods within rows
Dibbling method

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Methods of planting crop

Transplanting
Direct-Seeded crop
Direct seed only crop

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These crops have small seeds and grow slowly at germination

Transplanted Crops

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These crop have medium to large seeds, allowing direct sowing.

Direct-seed crop

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These crop are not only transplanted to prevent taproot damage, which can cause deformities.

Direct-seed only crop

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Factors to be considered in selecting a planting method

Cost and availability of the seed
Quality of land preparation
Root-regeneration ability of the crops

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A place where seeds are grown into seedling for transplanting to other areas

Seedling nursery

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Characteristics of a Good Growth Medium

Water-holding capacity and aeration
Capacity to supply nutrients
Freedom from soil-borne plant pathogens

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Organic materials like peat retain moisture without Waterlogging, providing both water and air for germinating seeds and seedling roots.

Water-holding capacity and aeration

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Soll contains harmful microganisms so the nursery mix should only retain beneficial ones.

Freedom from soil-borne plant pathogens

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Vermiculture, perlite, coconut coir and rice husk are inert and offer little to no plant nutrition

Capacity to supply plant nutrients

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Seedling production and care of seedling

seed box method
Modified seed box or cellular method
pricking
Hardening
Transplanting
spacing and plant population

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The process of separating and transferring seedlings into individual plugs, cells, or pots

Pricking

Gradually expose seedlings to sunlight 7-10 days after pricking.

Hardening

It influences the microenvironment and affects crop growth, development, and yield.

Plant density

varies by genotype and location

optimal density

planting increases plant population per area to boost crop production

High-density

Internw spacing depends on the machinery used, but there's still flexibility for spacing within rows and plant population

Mechanized farming

Some crops lack seeds and cannot reproduce sexually, while others produce seeds but are propagated vegetatively for convenience and efficiency.

Asexual propagation of crops

Modified plant parts (stem, roots, or leaves) specialized for vegetative propagation and food storage

Vegetative propagules

Specialized arial stems (stolon) arising in the leaf axils of plant having rosette crowns.

Runners

A shoot or thick stem of rosette like apperance arising from the base of the main stem of certain plant

Offsets/offshoot

Adventitious shoots from the underground prtion of the stem from their horizontal root systems

Suckers

Specialized underground organs with a short fleshy stem and thick, fleshy scales for storage and reproduction

Bulbs

Short terminal portion of an underground stem which has become thickened because of accumulation preserved food material.

Tubers

Perennial herbaceous that lacks nodes and internodes

Tuberous roots

Underground thick stem, thick or slender, with nodes, internodes, and adventitious roots

Rhizomes

Soild underground base of a stem having nodes and internodes and is enclosed by a dry scale like leaves

Corms

Asexual propagation techniques

Separation and division Cuttings Layering Budding and grafting Micropropagation

Uses natural structures like bulbs and corms Involves cutting a plant into sections after digging it up or removing it from its container

Separation Division

One of the most common propagation techniques for plants. The four types are

Cuttings Hardwood Softwood Semi-hardwood Herbacious

Stems still attached to their parent plant may form roots where they come in contact with a rooting medium

Layering

Different types of layering

Simple layering Compound/Serpentine layering Mound/stool layering Air layering

Bend the tip into a vertical position and stake in place. bend the stem into the ground

Simple layering

Bend the stem to the rooting medium as for simple layering but alternately cover and expose stem sections.

Compound/Serpentine layering

Mound soil over the new shoots as they grow. Roots develop at the bases of the young shoots.

Mound/Stool layering

Scrape the newly bared ring to remove the cambial tissue in order to enhance callus from forming

Air layering

Small plant parts is grown in sterilized container with a culture medium and precise environmental conditions

Micropropagation (Tissue culture)

Tissue culture types

Meristem culture Organ culture Protoplast culture

Regenerates plants by growing meristematic tissue and shoots in nutrient media under lab conditions

Meristem culture

Uses plant organs (leaf, stem, root) as explants, cultured under sterile conditions with methods like raft or agar gel

Organ culture

Involves cell without cell walls obtained from leaf sections for cloning, hydridization and genetic studies, using techniques like microculture chambers

Protoplast culture

Title of module 6

Water supply and management

Refers to the management or regulatory system used in farming to ensure that water is supplied to crops as needed

Water management

Total water needed for crop's full life cycle includes both plant use and losses from evaporation, transpiration, runoff, and percolation

Crop water management

Water loss from plants in vapor form. An avoidable process Can be stomatal, lenticular, or cuticular

Transpiration

Beneficial effects of transpiration

Stabilization of plant body temperature Enhanced rate of nutrient adsorption from the soil

Total water lost to the atmosphere as vapor through transpiration from plants and evaporation from soil, water surfaces, and plant surfaces

Evapotranspiration

Factors affecting evapotranspiration

Temperature Humidity Wind Soil moisture Plant type

Higher temperatures increase evapotranspiration, especially in the growing season.

Temperature

Higher humidity reduces evapotranspiration.

Humidity

More air movement increases evapotranspiration

Wind

When moisture is lacking, plants can begin to senesce (premature aging, which can result in leaf loss) and transpire less water.

Soil moisture

Arid plants like cacti transpire less to conserve water.

Plant type

Is the movement of water through the soil itself.

Percolation

Factors affecting seepage and percolation

Soil texture and structure Soil permeability Depth of hard pan and impervious layer Extent of puddling

The artificial application of water

Irrigation

Different types of irrigation system

Surface irrigation Sub-surface irrigation Spray irrigation Trickle system

applying water at the soil surface, via furrow and flooding About 90% of the irrigated areas in the world are by this method.

Surface irrigation

Applying water under pressure. About 5 % of the irrigated areas are by this method.

Sprinkler irrigation

Applying water slowly to the soil ideally at the same rate with crop consumption.

Drip or trickle irrigation

Flooding water underground and allowing it to come up by capillarity to crop roots.

Sub-surface irrigation

Factors affecting irrigation requirements

Stage of growth of the crop Type of crop Depth of the absorbing system Soil structure Water table depth

Time interval between application depends on

Area of the transpiring surfaces Rate of transpiration Rate of evaporation of water from the soil Field capacity of the soil

The process of removing excess water from the root zone.

Drainage

Drainage methods

Surface drainage Sub-surface drainage

Removes excess water, prevents waterlogging, and ensures quick runoff without erosion.

Surface drainage

Reduces high water tables caused by rainfall, irrigation, leaching, and seepage from nearby areas.

Subsurface drainage

Solution to drainage problems

Construction of drainage canal Use of raised bed to allow planting of low-lying areas Raising vegetables in raised mounds

Factors determining fertilizer needs

Kind of crop Precipitation Temperature Plant tissue nutrient mobility Soil nutrient mobility

The economic value, the nutrient removal, and the absorbing ability of the crop should be considered.

Kind of crop

Rainfall affects fertilizer movement through leaching, where excess water washes nutrients like nitrogen beyond plant roots, potentially into groundwater.

Precipitation

It affects fertilizer movement by regulating soil microbes that convert nutrients for plant absorption.

Temperature

Mobile nutrients move to new growth when intake is low, causing deficiencies in older leaves.

Plant tissue nutrient mobility

Higher CEC soils store more cations, making them more nutrient-rich, while anions distribute evenly but can lead to widespread deficiencies.

Soil nutrient mobility