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Clin Path Exam 2 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

MSK Metabolic Disorders (Bones types, cells, function, growth and disorders)

1
Q

What is a flat bones shape and purpose?

A

Thin and curved; protects internal organs form compressive forces (Example: Sternum)

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2
Q

What is a long bones shape and function?

A

cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever (Ex. Femur)

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3
Q

What is an irregular bones shape and function?

A

bone of complex shape; protects internal organs form compressive forces

Ex: vertebrae

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4
Q

What is a sesamoid bones shape and purpose?

A

small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces

Ex: patella

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5
Q

What is a short bones shape and purpose?

A

cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited motion

Ex: cuneiform

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6
Q

Diaphysis of long bones

A

tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone

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7
Q

Epiphysis

A

wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow

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7
Q

Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

A

sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length

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8
Q

Periosteum

A

fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments

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9
Q

Spongy (cancellous) bone

A

trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution

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10
Q

Trabeculae

A

sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone

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11
Q

Compact (cortical) bone

A

dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces

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12
Q

Endosteum

A

delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity

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13
Q

Medullary cavity

A

hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow

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14
Q

Lacunae

A

spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte

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15
Q

Osteon (harversian system)

A

basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix

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16
Q

Articular cartilage

A

thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber

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17
Q

Where is an osteogenic cell (stem cell) located and what is its purpose?

A

undifferentiated and develop into osteoblasts; located in endosteum, cellular layer of periosteum

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18
Q

What is an osteoblasts purpose and where is it located?

A

forms/deposit bone matrix; located in endosteum, cellular layer of periosteum, growing portions of bone

Blasts Build

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19
Q

What is an osteocytes purpose and where is it located?

A

maintains bone tissue; entrapped in matrix

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20
Q

What is an osteocytes purpose and where is it located?

A

develop from different cell lineage and act to reabsorb bone; located in endosteum, cellular layer of periosteum, at sites of old, injured, or unneeded bone

Clasts Chew

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21
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

compact and spongy bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal cells (flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles)

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22
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage

23
Q

Is endochondral ossification or intramembranous ossification longer?

A

Endochondral

23
Q

Reserve zone

A

region closest to the epiphyseal end of the plate and contains small chondrocytes within the matrix

23
Q

What are the four layers of bone growth?

A
  1. Reserve zone
  2. Proliferation zone
  3. Zone of maturation and hypertrophy
  4. Zone of calcified matrix
24
Q

Proliferation zone

A

contains stacks of slightly larger chondrocytes

25
Q

Zone of maturation and hypertrophy

A

older and larger

26
Q

Zone of calcified matrix

A

zone closest to the diaphysis, are dead because the matrix around them has calcified, restricting nutrient diffusion

27
Q

Transverse fracture

A

occurs straight across the long axis of a bone

27
Q

Oblique

A

occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees

28
Q

Spiral fracture

A

bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion

29
Q

Open (compound) fracture

A

a fracture in which at least one end of the broken bone tears through the skin; carries a high risk of infection

29
Q

Impacted fracture

A

one fragment is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression

29
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments

29
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

a partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken, often occurs in the young

30
Q

Closed (simple) fracture

A

a fracture in which the skin remains intact

31
Q

What are the 6 phases of bone remodeling/healing process?

A
  1. Quiescent phase
  2. Activation phase
  3. Reabsorption phase
  4. Reversal phase
  5. Formation phase
  6. Mineralization phase
32
Q

What is happening during the quiescent phase of bone remodeling?

A

Bone is at rest

33
Q

What is happening at the activation phase of bone remodeling?

A

retraction of bone lining cells (mature osteoblasts) and digestion of endosteal membrane by collagenase. Recruitment and activation of osteoclasts to initiate bone resorption

34
Q

What is happening at the resorption phase of bone remodeling?

A

osteoclasts begin to dissolve mineral material and decompose osteoid matrix. Approx 2-4 weeks during each remodeling cycle

35
Q

What is happening at the reversal phase of bone remodeling?

A

bone resorption transition to bone formation. Mononuclear cells (monocytes, osteocytes, preosteoblasts) recruited to begin new bone formation

36
Q

What is happening during the formation phase of bone remodeling?

A

osteoblasts release and synthesize new osteoid matrix

37
Q

What is happening at the mineralization phase of bone remodeling?

A

new matrix is mineralized with calcium and phosphorous. Quiescent phase begin again.

38
Q

How do genetic factors impact bone remodeling?

A

60-80% of bone mass is genetically determined.

39
Q

How do mechanical factors impact bone remodeling?

A

Load, stress, PA

40
Q

How does vascularization impact bone remodeling?

A

Supplies blood, oxygen and nutrients

41
Q

How do nutritional factors impact bone remodeling?

A

Calcium, caffeine, alcohol, excess salt

42
Q

How do Thyroid hormones affect bone remodeling?

A

stimulate bone resorption and formation e.g. bone loss in hyperthyroidism

43
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

controls homeostasis of calcium. PTH stimulate bone resorption by RANKL. Intermittent doses of PTH would stimulate bone formation

44
Q

Calcitonin effects on bone remodeling

A

inhibitor of bone resorption by reducing number and activity of osteoclasts

45
Q

Calcitriol effects on bone remodeling

A

intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, favors bone mineralization

46
Q

Androgens effects on bone remodeling

A

anabolic effect on bone by stimulation of osteoblasts

47
Q

Estrogens effects on bone remodeling

A

favor bone formation by increasing number and function of osteoblasts and reduce resorption

48
Q
A

Clin Path Exam 2 (1 decks)

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