Module 5

Question 1

Sign/Symptoms of PE

Answer 1

Dyspnea
Tachypnea
Tachycardia
Pleuritic Chest Pain
Dry Cough
Hemoptysis

Question 2

Risk factors of PE

Answer 2

prolonged immobilization
central venous catheters
surgery
obesity
advancing age
conditions that increase blood clotting
Hx of thromboembolism

Question 3

Related cardiac signs/symptoms of PE

Answer 3

distended neck veins
syncope
cyanosis
systemic hypotension
abnormal heart sounds
abnormal ECG

Question 4

PE prevention

Answer 4

smoking cessation
weight reduction
increased physical activity
when traveling get up frequently and drink fluids
don’t massage/compress leg muscles

Question 5

can trigger anxiety
sense of impending doom

Answer 5

Hypoxemia

Question 6

drug therapy for PE

Answer 6

anticoagulants
fibrinolytics

Question 7

surgical management for PE

Answer 7

embolectomy
inferior vena cava filtration

Question 8

Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF)

Answer 8

can be caused by ventilator failure, oxygenation failure, or both

Question 9

ARF

Answer 9

PaO2 less than 60mmHg
PaCO2 greater than 45mmHG with pH less than 7.35
SaO2 less than 90%

Question 10

Ventilatory Failure

Answer 10

air movement is inadequate

Question 11

Oxygenation failure

Answer 11

lung blood flow is decreased

Question 12

ARDS treatment

Answer 12

intubation & mechanical ventilation
positioning (prone)
medication
fluids
nutrition

Question 13

ARDS

Answer 13

is ARF with:
hypoxia (even w/100% O2 given)
decreased lung compliance (decreased elasticity)
dyspnea
bilateral pulmonary edema (non-cardiac)
dense pulmonary infiltrates on x-ray

Question 14

Vent Alarms

Answer 14

High Pressure - obstructed airflow into the lungs, secretions, kinked tubing, lack of lung compliance, biting tubing, coughs/gags
Low Pressure - disconnected tubing/circuit, deflated cuff

Question 15

mechanical ventilation complications

Answer 15

vent acquired PNA
cardiac problems (hypotension, fluid retention)
GI & nutrition
Vent dependence

Question 16

chest injuries

Answer 16

pulmonary contusion
rib fracture
flail chest
pneumothorax
tension pneumothorax
hemothorax
tracheobronchial trauma

Question 17

pulmonary contusion

Answer 17

may be asymptomatic at first, later develop respiratory failure
bloody sputum, decreased breath sounds, crackles, wheezes
treatment - maintenance of ventilation and oxygenation

Question 18

pneumothorax

Answer 18

asymmetry of thorax
tracheal movement away from midline toward unaffected side
respiratory distress
absence of breath sounds on one side
distended neck veins
cyanosis
hyper-tympanic sound on percussion