Module 5

Question 1

Power

Answer 1

the ability not only to influence others but also to control outcomes so as to produce results that would not have occurred naturally

Question 2

Power potential

Answer 2

a measure of the power an entity like a state could have, derived from a consideration of both its tangible and its intangible resources; states may not always be able to transfer their power potential into actual power

Question 3

Natural source of power potential

Answer 3

Innate characteristics of the state: geographic size & position, natural resources, and population

Question 4

Hard power

Answer 4

states using various sources of power (economic or military) to coerce other states into adopting actions in its interests

Question 5

Soft power

Answer 5

the power to attract states to change their behavior rather than having to coerce then into doing so; power is based on the legitimacy of the state’s values or its policies

Question 6

Smart power

Answer 6

using a combination of the hard power of coercion with the soft power of persuasion and attraction

Question 7

Statecraft

Answer 7

techniques states use to exert influence and project power including diplomacy, economic, and use of force tools

Question 8

Credibility

Answer 8

the quality of having both the ability and incentive to act using a certain policy such that other states believe it will be carried out

Question 9

Diplomacy

Answer 9

the practice of states trying to influence the behavior if other states by bargaining, negotiating, taking specific non-coercive actions or refraining from such actions, or appealing to the foreign public for support of a position

Question 10

Public diplomacy

Answer 10

use of certain diplomatic methods to create a favorable image of the state or its people in the eyes of other states and their publics

Question 11

Track One diplomacy

Answer 11

negotiations among government officials taken on behalf of governments

Question 12

Track Two diplomacy

Answer 12

unofficial overtures by private individuals or groups from outside governments to try and resolve an ongoing international crisis or civil war

Question 13

engagement

Answer 13

getting a target state to act in a desired way by rewarding the moves it makes in the desired direction; referred to as positive sanctions

Question 14

sanctions

Answer 14

economic, diplomatic, and even coercive military force used to enforce an international policy or another state’s policy; sanctions can be positive (offering incentive to a state) or negative (punishing a state)

Question 15

Smart sanctions

Answer 15

limited sanctions targeted to hurt or support specific groups; used to avoid the humanitarian costs of general sanctions

Question 16

Compellence

Answer 16

the use of threats to coerce another into taking an action it otherwise would not take

Question 17

Organizational process model

Answer 17

the foreign policy decision-making model that posits that national decisions are the products of subnational governmental organizations and units which follow the standard operating procedures and processes of the organizations