module 5

Question 1

know levels of prevention

Answer 1

• Primary Prevention—intervening before health effects occur, through.
• Secondary Prevention—screening to identify diseases in the earliest.
• Tertiary Prevention—managing disease post diagnosis to slow or stop.

Question 2

what is the purpose of epidemiology

Answer 2

provides a frame of reference for investigating and improving clinical practice in any setting.

Question 3

what are the 3 components of the epidemiological triangle

Answer 3

agent, host, environment

Question 4

which component of the epidemiological triangle had biological, chemical, physcial, and psychosocial factors

Answer 4

agents

Question 5

which component of the epidemiological triangle includes genetic makeup, age, sex, nutrition, lifestyle, race, exercise, health knowledge, and motivation for wellness?

Answer 5

host

Question 6

which component of the epidemiological triangle includes climate, plant/animal life, crowding, social support, education resources, noise, work satisfaction, vectors, heat, politics, and demographics?

Answer 6

environment

Question 7

describe the chain of causation

Answer 7

reservoir, mode of transmission, susceptible host

Question 8

describe the web of causation

Answer 8

there can be multiple causations, not just linear like the chain.
ex) there are many factors why someone would/wouldn’t get a PSA test

Question 9

the number of cases (both newly diagnosed and previously diagnosed in current survivors) within a given population in a defined time period

Answer 9

prevalence

Question 10

why is prevalence data important?

Answer 10

Prevalence data provide an indication of the extent of a health problem

Question 11

refers to all new cases of a disease or health condition appearing during a specified point in time or over a period of time.

Answer 11

incidence

Question 12

why is incidence important?

Answer 12

The primary value of incidence rates is in studies of disease etiology, by comparing how the rates vary among different subgroups or with different exposures

Question 13

______ refers to the presence of disease in a population

Answer 13

morbidity

Question 14

_______ refers to the occurrence of death in a population

Answer 14

mortality

Question 15

_____ refers to short-term resistance (immunity) that is acquired either naturally or artificially.

Answer 15

passive immunity

Question 16

example of passive immunity

Answer 16

nowborns through maternal antibody transfers

Question 17

______ is long-term and sometimes offers lifelong resistance (immunity) that is acquired either naturally or artificially

Answer 17

active immunity

Question 18

describe naturally acquired active immunity

Answer 18

comes through host infection. That is, a person who contracts a disease often develops long-lasting antibodies that provide immunity against future exposures.

Question 19

describe artificially acquired active immunity

Answer 19

attained through vaccine inoculation. (ex. vaccines for polio, diptheria, smallpox, etc)

Question 20

____ refers to a situation in which a person’s immunity to one agent provides immunity to a related agent as well. The immunity can be either passive or active

Answer 20

cross immunity

Question 21

_____ describes the immunity level that is present in a population group. A population with low immunity is one with few immune members; consequently, it is more susceptible to a particular disease

Answer 21

herd immunity

Question 22

steps to help epidemiological mitigation

Answer 22

testing, isolation, quarantine, tracing/contact tracing

Question 23

5 goals of disease mitigation

Answer 23

control, elimination of disease, elimination of infection, eradication, extinction

Question 24

which goal of disease mitigation is the reduction of disease incidence, prevalence, morbidity or mortality to a locally acceptable level as a result of deliberate efforts; continued intervention measures are required to maintain the reduction

Answer 24

control

Question 25

which goal of disease mitigation is Reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate efforts; continued intervention measures are required.

Answer 25

elimination of disease

Question 26

which goal of disease mitigation is Reduction to zero of the incidence of infection caused by a specific agent in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate efforts; continued measures to prevent re-establishment of transmission are required

Answer 26

elimination of infections

Question 27

which goal of disease mitigation is Permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts; intervention measures are no longer needed.

Answer 27

eradication

Question 28

which goal of disease mitigation is The specific infectious agent no longer exists in nature or in the laboratory

Answer 28

extinction

Question 29

describe relative risk ratio

Answer 29

a number that shows if someone with a risk factor is more likely to contract something than someone without. 1:1 means no correlation, and the relative risk is 1.0. A relative risk >1.0 menas that those with the risk factor have a greater likelihood of acquiring the disease than do those without it.

Question 30

why is the relative risk ratio important

Answer 30

The relative risk ratio assists in determining the most effective points for community health intervention in regard to particular health problems. It also provides a more easily understood method for explaining the risk of certain behaviors in the development of illness or injury to the public

Question 31

what are disability adjusted life years?

Answer 31

used to measure the Global Burden of Disease, higher number = greater burden

Question 32

describe the WHO sustainable development goals (SDGs)

Answer 32

they are an urgent call for action by all countries. They recognize that ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all while tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests.