Module 5 Flashcards
What is “Message format”
When a message is sent, it must use a specific format or structure.
What is “Message size”
The rules that govern the size of the pieces communicated across the network are very strict.
They can also be different, depending on the channel used.
What is “Timing”
Timing determines the speed at which the bits are transmitted across the network.
It also affects when an individual host can send data and the total amount of data that can be sent in any one transmission.
What is “Encoding”
Messages sent across the network are first converted into bits by the sending host.
Each bit is encoded into a pattern of sounds, light waves, or electrical impulses depending on the network media over which the bits are transmitted.
What is “Encapsulation”
Each message transmitted on a network must include a header that contains addressing information that identifies the source and destination hosts.
Encapsulation is the process of adding this information to the pieces of data that make up the message.
What is a “Message pattern”
Some messages require an acknowledgment before the next message can be sent.
This type of request/response pattern is a common aspect of many networking protocols. However, there are other types of messages that may be simply streamed across the network without concern as to whether they reach their destination.
What is a “Topologies”
- Representations of end devices and intermediary devices.
- Device Perspective in a Network:
- Devices perceive the network from within their own “bubble.”
- Limited to their own addressing information.
- Network Identification:
- Determined by network protocols.
- Enables devices to recognize being on the same network.
- Data Unit in Network Communication:
- Network communications typically use smaller data units known as packets.
- Definition of a Standard:
- A set of rules specifying how something must be done.
- Role in Networking and the Internet:
- Networking and internet standards ensure uniform implementation of rules or protocols across devices.
- Purpose of Standards:
- Facilitate communication between different devices.
- Enable interoperability over the internet.
- Development of Internet Standards:
- Comprehensive cycle involving discussion, problem-solving, and testing.
- Organizations Involved:
- Developed, published, and maintained by various organizations.
- Record Keeping for Standards:
- Each stage of development and approval documented in a numbered RFC (Request for Comments) document.
- Publication and Management:
- RFCs for internet standards published and managed by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force).
- Protocols in Communication:
- Govern communication rules between hosts.
- Include HTTP, TCP, IP, and Ethernet.
- Protocol Implementation:
- Implemented in both software and hardware on hosts and networking devices.
- Protocol Stack:
- Illustrates the interaction between different protocols.
- Hierarchical structure with each layer depending on services from lower levels.
- Enables independent operation of each layer.
- TCP/IP Protocols Suite:
- Application Layer: Represents data to the user, includes encoding and dialog control.
- Transport Layer: Supports communication between devices across diverse networks.
- Internet Layer: Determines the best path through the network.
- Network Access Layer: Encompasses hardware devices and media in the network.
- Reference Model:
- Describes functions at each layer without specifying the exact method.
- Aids in understanding functions and processes for network communications.
- OSI Model:
- Internetwork reference model created by the OSI project at the International ISO.
- Used for data network design, operation specifications, and troubleshooting.
7 – Application
The application layer contains protocols used for process-to-process communications.
6 – Presentation
The presentation layer provides for common representation of the data transferred between application layer services.
5 – Session
- The session layer provides services to the presentation layer to organize its dialogue and to manage data exchange.
4 – Transport
- The transport layer defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications between the end devices.
3 – Network
The network layer provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network between identified end devices.
2 - Data Link
- The data link layer protocols describe methods for exchanging data frames between devices over a common media
1 – Physical
- The physical layer protocols describe the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural means to activate, maintain, and de-activate physical connections for a bit transmission to and from a network device.
