Module 5

Question 1

What is “Message format”

Answer 1

When a message is sent, it must use a specific format or structure.

Question 2

What is “Message size”

Answer 2

The rules that govern the size of the pieces communicated across the network are very strict.

They can also be different, depending on the channel used.

Question 3

What is “Timing”

Answer 3

Timing determines the speed at which the bits are transmitted across the network.

It also affects when an individual host can send data and the total amount of data that can be sent in any one transmission.

Question 4

What is “Encoding”

Answer 4

Messages sent across the network are first converted into bits by the sending host.

Each bit is encoded into a pattern of sounds, light waves, or electrical impulses depending on the network media over which the bits are transmitted.

Question 5

What is “Encapsulation”

Answer 5

Each message transmitted on a network must include a header that contains addressing information that identifies the source and destination hosts.

Encapsulation is the process of adding this information to the pieces of data that make up the message.

Question 6

What is a “Message pattern”

Answer 6

Some messages require an acknowledgment before the next message can be sent.

This type of request/response pattern is a common aspect of many networking protocols. However, there are other types of messages that may be simply streamed across the network without concern as to whether they reach their destination.

Question 7

What is a “Topologies”

Answer 7

• Representations of end devices and intermediary devices.

Question 8

• Device Perspective in a Network:

Answer 8

• Devices perceive the network from within their own “bubble.”
  
  • Limited to their own addressing information.

Question 9

• Network Identification:

Answer 9

• Determined by network protocols.
  
  • Enables devices to recognize being on the same network.

Question 10

• Data Unit in Network Communication:

Answer 10

• Network communications typically use smaller data units known as packets.

Question 11

• Definition of a Standard:

Answer 11

• A set of rules specifying how something must be done.

Question 12

• Role in Networking and the Internet:

Answer 12

• Networking and internet standards ensure uniform implementation of rules or protocols across devices.

Question 13

• Purpose of Standards:

Answer 13

• Facilitate communication between different devices.
  
  • Enable interoperability over the internet.

Question 14

• Development of Internet Standards:

Answer 14

• Comprehensive cycle involving discussion, problem-solving, and testing.

Question 15

• Organizations Involved:

Answer 15

• Developed, published, and maintained by various organizations.

Question 16

• Record Keeping for Standards:

Answer 16

• Each stage of development and approval documented in a numbered RFC (Request for Comments) document.

Question 17

• Publication and Management:

Answer 17

• RFCs for internet standards published and managed by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force).

Question 18

• Protocols in Communication:

Answer 18

• Govern communication rules between hosts.
  
  • Include HTTP, TCP, IP, and Ethernet.

Question 19

• Protocol Implementation:

Answer 19

• Implemented in both software and hardware on hosts and networking devices.

Question 20

• Protocol Stack:

Answer 20

• Illustrates the interaction between different protocols.
  
  • Hierarchical structure with each layer depending on services from lower levels.
  • Enables independent operation of each layer.

Question 21

• TCP/IP Protocols Suite:

Answer 21

• Application Layer: Represents data to the user, includes encoding and dialog control.
  
  • Transport Layer: Supports communication between devices across diverse networks.
  • Internet Layer: Determines the best path through the network.
  • Network Access Layer: Encompasses hardware devices and media in the network.

Question 22

• Reference Model:

Answer 22

• Describes functions at each layer without specifying the exact method.
  
  • Aids in understanding functions and processes for network communications.

Question 23

• OSI Model:

Answer 23

• Internetwork reference model created by the OSI project at the International ISO.
  
  • Used for data network design, operation specifications, and troubleshooting.

Question 24

7 – Application

Answer 24

The application layer contains protocols used for process-to-process communications.

Question 25

6 – Presentation

Answer 25

The presentation layer provides for common representation of the data transferred between application layer services.

Question 26

5 – Session

Answer 26

• The session layer provides services to the presentation layer to organize its dialogue and to manage data exchange.

Question 27

4 – Transport

Answer 27

• The transport layer defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications between the end devices.

Question 28

3 – Network

Answer 28

The network layer provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network between identified end devices.

Question 29

2 - Data Link

Answer 29

• The data link layer protocols describe methods for exchanging data frames between devices over a common media

Question 30

1 – Physical

Answer 30

• The physical layer protocols describe the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural means to activate, maintain, and de-activate physical connections for a bit transmission to and from a network device.