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Biology > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is excretion?

A

Removal of waste products of metabolism from the body

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2
Q

Function of the hepatic artery?

A

Supplies the liver with oxygenated blood from the heart

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3
Q

Function of the hepatic vein

A

Takes deoxygenated blood away from the liver

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

3 ways carbon dioxide is transported around the body

A

5% in solution in plasma as CO2, 10% combines with amino groups in Hb molecule, 85% hydrogen carbonate ions

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6
Q

Consequences of carbon dioxide not being excreted

A

Formation of carbaminohaemoglobin which has lower affinity for oxygen than normal haemoglobin
Respiratory acidosis - drop in blood pH, headache, drowsiness, tremors

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7
Q

What blood vessel does the hepatic artery come from?

A

Aorta

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8
Q

What do lobules make up in the liver?

A

Lobes

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9
Q

Where does the hepatic vein take dexoygenated blood out of the liver?

A

Vena cava

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10
Q

What are the specialised epithelial cells in liver lobules called?

A

Hepatocytes

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11
Q

Adaptation of hepatocytes

A

Lots of mitochondria, large nuclei for transcription

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12
Q

What is in the centre of a lobule?

A

Central vein

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13
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

Large, endothelium-lined spaces that blood passes through

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14
Q

What are Kupffer cells?

A

They destroy worn out red blood cells, bacteria and foreign matter arriving from digestive tract

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15
Q

Where do central veins in liver lobules lead to?

A

Hepatic vein

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16
Q

Function of the bile duct in the liver

A

Takes bile to the gall bladder

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17
Q

What is bile made from and what is it made by?

A

Made from breakdown of haemoglobin, secreted by hepatocytes

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18
Q

What are bile canaliculi?

A

Spaces that carry bile to the bile ducts

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19
Q

What is urea produced from?

A

Excess amino acids containing nitrogen

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20
Q

2 processes that forms urea

A

Deamination - amino group from each amino acid removed and hydrogen added to make ammonia. The rest of the amino acid is converted to keto acids, and either enters the Krebs cycle or is stored as glycogen.

Ornithine cycle - ammonia converted into urea. CO2 and ammonia converted to carbamoyl phosphate, and eventually water is added to make urea

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21
Q

Process of detoxification of ethanol

A

Alcohol broken down into acetic acid by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, then enters the Krebs cycle

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22
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels rise?

A

Insulin is released, which stimulates hepatocytes to convert glucose into glycogen

23
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels decline?

A

Hepatocytes convert glycogen back into glucose due to hormone glucagon

24
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Hepatocytes replaced by fibrous (scar) tissue, structure of blood supply is lost, increasing ammonia concentration

25
Q

First structure of a nephron

A

Bowman’s capsule - contains the glomerulus

26
Q

Second structure of a nephron

A

Proximal convoluted tubule - substance reabsorption

27
Q

Third structure of the nephron

A

Loop of Henle - creates a region with high solute concentration in the tissue fluid

28
Q

What is after the loop of henle in a nephron?

A

Distal convoluted tubule - fine tuning of the body’s water balance, regulation of ions and pH of blood

29
Q

Last part of the nephron

A

Collecting duct - urine passes down here, more water balancing takes place

30
Q

Function of the afferent arteriole?

A

Blood coming into the nephron

31
Q

Functions of the nephron

A

Ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule, reabsorption of water in the loop of Henle, reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct collecting urine and emptying into ureter

32
Q

Blood in capillaries separated from the lumen of the Bowman’s capsule by…

A

Endothelium, basement membrane, podocytes

33
Q

Function of basement membrane

A

Prevent large molecules passing through, made of collagen fibres and other proteins

34
Q

Function of podocytes

A

Additional filter - extensions called pedicels that wrap around capillaries forming slits that makes sure cells don’t get into the tubule

35
Q

What substances stay in the filtrate?

A

Urea, water, inorganic ions

36
Q

By what process does glucose move back into the blood?

A

Diffusion, cotransported with sodium

37
Q

Functions of the loop of Henle

A

Create high concentration of sodium ions and chloride ions in tissue fluid of the medulla

38
Q

Why does there need to be a high concentration of sodium and chloride ions in tissue fluid?

A

Allows water reabsorption from contents of nephron as they pass through collecting duct

39
Q

Why is there a counter-current system in the loop of Henle?

A

The solute concentration in ascending limb lower than descending, causes build up of salt concentration in surrounding tissues

40
Q

Which part of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water?

A

The ascending limb

41
Q

Function of the distal convoluted tubule

A

If the body lacks salt, sodium ions are actively pumped out of nephron into blood, can act as a collecting duct

42
Q

What controls permeability in the collecting duct?

A

ADH

43
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

Control of water content of the body to match water requirements

44
Q

Where in the brain are osmoreceptors found?

A

Hypothalamus

45
Q

What other part of the brain is involved in osmoregulation apart from the hypothalamus?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

46
Q

What does ADH do in the collecting duct?

A

Makes aquaporins bind to membrane to act as water channels

47
Q

Is less or more ADH produced when water content of the blood is high?

A

Less

48
Q

What is haemodialysis?

A

Blood from the patient’s artery runs through tubes made of a semi-porous membrane which mimics the basement membrane. In the machine is a sterile substance made of water, sugars etc. Urea and salt will then flow out of the patient’s blood into the dialysis fluid through diffusion.

49
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis?

A

Catheter inserted into the peritoneum cavity and dialysis fluid passed in. Urea and mineral ions pass out the blood capillaries into the tissue fluid and out across the peritoneal membrane.

50
Q

Advantages of haemodialysis?

A

Done by trained health professionals who can fix it if anything goes wrong
Don’t have to do it yourself
Shorter amount of time and on fewer days than peritoneal dialysis

51
Q

Disadvantages of haemodialysis?

A

It causes you to feel tired on the day of the treatments
Can cause problems like low blood pressure and blood clots
Increases risk of blood stream infections

52
Q

Disadvantages of peritoneal dialysis?

A

Procedure may be hard for some people to do
Increases risk of infection of the lining of the peritonitis

53
Q

Advantages of peritoneal dialysis?

A

More freedom than haemodialysis
Doesn’t require as many food and fluid restrictions

Biology (2 decks)

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