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A Level Physics > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is thermal equilibrium?

A

When two substances in physical contact with eachother no longer exchange any heat energy and both reach an equal temperature

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2
Q

Why do we use Kelvin instead of Celsius?

A

Celsius is based on the properties of water meaning it’s not arbitrary. The freezing and boiling points of water can change as it’s pressure changes.

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3
Q

Characteristics of a solid?

A

Particle arrangement: fixed structure
Space between particles: no space
Intermolecular forces: strong
Particle movement: vibrate around a fixed position
Particle energy: low
Substance shape: fixed
Substance volume: high

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4
Q

Characteristics of a liquid?

A

Particle arrangement: random
Space between particles: some space
Intermolecular forces: weak
Particle movement: flow past each other
Particle energy: medium
Substance shape: not fixed
Substance volume: fixed
Substance density: medium

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5
Q

Characteristics of a gas?

A

Fixed pattern: random
Space between particles: large space
Intermolecular forces: negligible
Particle movement: move around at different speeds
Particle energy: high
Substance shape: not fixed
Substance density: low

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6
Q

What is Brownian motion?

A

Small particles (such as pollen or smoke particles) suspended in a liquid or gas are observed to move around in a constant, random motion

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7
Q

Why do particles change their speed and direction randomly?

A

Collisions
The smaller particles can affect the larger particles this way because they are travelling at a speed much higher than the larger particles
They have a lot of momentum which they transfer to the larger particles when they collide.

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8
Q

What is internal energy?

A

The sum of randomly distributed kinetic and potential energies of atoms or molecules within a substance

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9
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy due to an objects motion

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10
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy due to the separation between the molecules and their position within the structuren

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11
Q

How does temperature affect the internal energy of an object?

A

Higher temperature means greater kinetic energy

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12
Q

How do intermolecular forces affect internal energy?

A

Stronger intermolecular forces mean higher potential energy

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13
Q

How is internal energy lost?

A

Gas -> liquid or liquid -> solid
Losing heat to the surroundings

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14
Q

What is absolute zero? (Temperature scale)

A

The lowest temperature possible. Equal to 0K or -273.15 C

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15
Q

What is the definition of absolute zero?

A

The temperature at which the molecules in a substance have zero kinetic energy

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16
Q

Definition of specific heat capacity?

A

The amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1C

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17
Q

Characteristics of a substance with low heat capacity?

A

Heats up and cools down quickly

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18
Q

E=mcΔθ?

A

E = thermal energy
m = mass of the substance
c = specific heat capacity of the substance
θ = change in temperature

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19
Q

Definition of latent heat?

A

Thermal energy required to change the state of 1kg of mass of a substance without any change in temperature

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20
Q

What are the two types of latent heat?

A

Latent heat of fusion (melting)
Latent heat of vaporisation (boiling)

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21
Q

How do we determine specific latent heat?

A

E = mL
E = thermal energy to change state
L = heat of fusion or vaporisation
m = mass of the substance

22
Q

Definition of the mole?

A

The SI abase unit of an amount of substance. It is the amount containing as many particles as there are atoms of 12g of carbon -12

23
Q

Definition of avogadros constant?

A

The number of atoms of carbon -12 in 12g of carbon -12 equal to 6.02x10^23 mol

24
Q

How do we calculate molar mass?

A

Number of moles = mass/molar mass
Unit of molar mass = g mol-1

25
Q

What is an ideal gas?

A

Gas which has negligible volume
Collisions which are elastic
Cannot be liquified
Has no interaction between the molecules
Obeys the ideal gas laws

26
Q

Ideal gas equation?

A

pV = nRT or pV = NkT

P= pressure
V = volume
n = number of moles
R = molar gas constant
T = temperature
N = number of molecules
K = Boltzmanns constant

27
Q

What is boyles law?

A

Pressure is inversely proportional to the volume of gas
- pressure increases when the gas is compressed

p1v1 =p2v2

28
Q

What is the pressure law?

A

Pressure is proportional to temperature
P1/T1 = P2/T2

29
Q

What is Charles law?

A

Estimating absolute zero
Volume is proportional to temperature
V1/T1 = V2/T2

30
Q

Kinetic theory of gases, Newton’s second law equation?

A
  • F = Δρ/Δt = - 2mv/Δt
31
Q

Describe kinetic theory of gases for a particle hitting the wall?

A

A particle hitting the wall of a container in the gas is held experienced a force from the wall and a change in momentum. The particles exerts an equal and opposite force on the wall

32
Q

Kinetic theory of gases equation?

A

pV = 1/3N m c2

p = pressure
V = volume
N = number of molecules
m = mass of one molecule of gas
C2 = mean square speed of the molecules

33
Q

Kinetic theory of gases density equation?

A

density = mass/volume = Nm/V

p = 1/3 ρ c 2
P = pressure
ρ = density
c2 = mean square speed of the molecules

34
Q

Rearrange for average kinetic energy of a particle?

A

pV =1/3 Nmc2

1/3Nmc2 = Nkt

1/3 mc2 = kT

mc2 = 3kT

2E = mc2 = 3KT

E = 1/2 mc2 = 3/2kT

35
Q

How do we convert from degrees to radians?

A

θ x pi/180 = θrad

36
Q

How to we convert from radians to pi?

A

θrad x 180/pi = θ

37
Q

How do we calculate angular displacement?

A

θ = s/r

Length of arc = s
Radius = r

38
Q

Definition of frequency?

A

The number of complete oscillations per unit time

39
Q

Define time period

A

Time taken for one complete oscillation in seconds

40
Q

Define one oscillation?

A

Time taken for the oscillation to pass the equilibrium from one side and back again fully from the other side

41
Q

How do we calculate speed of an object in a circle?

A

Speed = distance/ time
So
Distance = 2 x pi x radius
Time = time period

42
Q

Define angular displacement?

A

Change in angle, in radians, of a body as it rotates around a circle

43
Q

Newton’s first law definition?

A

A body will remain at rest or on the move with constant velocity unless acted on by a resultant force

44
Q

Define Newton’s second law

A

The resultant force on an object is equal to its rate of change in momentum

45
Q

Define Newton’s third law?

A

If body A exerts a force on body B, then body B will exert a force on body A of equal magnitude but in the opposite direction.

46
Q

Examples of centripetal force?

A

Car travelling around a roundabout = friction between car tires and the road
Ball attached to a rope moving in a circle = tension in the rope
Earth orbiting the sub = gravitational force

47
Q

Define centripetal force?

A

The resultant force towards the centre of a circle required to keep a body in uniform circular motion

48
Q

Equation for linear speed?

A

v = rω

V = linear speed
r = radius
ω = angular speed

49
Q

Definition for centripetal acceleration?

A

Acceleration of an object towards the centre of a circle when an object is rotating around a circle at constant speed

50
Q

Equations for centripetal acceleration?

A

a = v2/r

a = (rω)2 / r

a = rω2

a = ωv

51
Q

Equation for angular frequency?

A

ω = 2 pi/ t = 2 pi f

52
Q

Conditions of simple harmonic motion?

A

Acceleration of a body is proportional to its displacement but acts in the opposite direction

A Level Physics (5 decks)

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