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Bio 30 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

1930 R.A. Fisher

A
  • quantitative geneticist
    Two view points about genes
  1. hypothetical entity
  2. chemical compound
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2
Q

Chemical composition of the chromosome

A
  1. Lipids
  2. Proteins
    - histones or protamines (basic proteins)
    - non-histone chromosomal proteins (acidic proteins)
  3. Nucleic acids
    - DNA and RNA
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3
Q

Characteristics of genetic material according to
( H.J. Muller)

A
  1. Can duplicate itself with extra fidelity.
  • 1/1 M copies
  1. Stable molecular structure
  • very low frequency of mutation
  1. Mutation is duplicated faithfully.
  • inheritance of mutation
  • genetic source of variation
  1. Can carry all necessary biological
    information.
  2. Can transmit the information from
    generation to generation.
  3. Stored information must be decoded
    and translated into action.
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4
Q

Events leading to the discovery of DNA

A

*1830s Proteins were thought to be the
most important molecule.
➢ proteios (Greek)
➢ “of first importance”

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5
Q

(1866) Ernst Haeckel

A

➢discovered that the most
obvious cellular component of
the cell is the nucleus

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6
Q

(1895) Edmund Wilson

A

*using staining technique to study
karyokinesis of ovum
*important nuclear element handed
from cell to cell: DNA

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7
Q

(1928)
Frederick Griffith
(US Medical Officer)

A

*transformation experiment using
Streptococcus pneumoniae

*avirulent (R) strain was
transformed to virulent (S)

*declared the presence of
transforming principle

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8
Q

(1944)
Oswald Avery,
Colin MacLeod,
Maclyn McCarty

A

*Physician-Scientists (Canadian & American)

*identified the transforming principle (TP)
as DNA

  • when TP was treated with proteinases and
    Rnases

➢ transforming ability is retained

➢ therefore, TP is neither protein nor RNA

  • when TP was treated to remove protein
    and RNA

➢ the composition of the substance
left matched the composition of
DNA

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9
Q

(1952) Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

A

*proved that DNA is the genetic material
of the bacterial viruses (phages)

*DNA is labeled with P32

*protein coat is labeled with 35S

*famous blender experiment

*separates phages from bacteria after
infection

*this proved: DNA is injected into the cell
while the protein coat remained outside

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10
Q

(1860) Friedrich Miescher

A
  • while characterizing
    proteins from pus cells
  • isolated a molecule from the nucleus and
    called it “nuclein” (DNA in the 1930s)
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11
Q

(1952) Norton Zinder, Joshua and Esther Lederberg

A

*Nobel Prize for genetic research in 1958
(Joshua)

*performed transduction experiment in
Salmonella typhimurium

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12
Q

(1953) Elucidation of the structure of the DNA

A

*Francis Crick
- involved in the development of
radar and magnetic mines
-did his Ph.D. on X-ray
studies on proteins

*James D. Watson
- child prodigy from Chicago
- did labeling of phage DNA at Denmark

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13
Q

*Maurice Wilkins

A

➢ Worked on X-ray diffraction of DNA
➢ Manhattan project (1939-46)

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14
Q

*Rosalind Franklin

A
  • expert on X-ray diffraction technique
  • joined King’s College in 1951
  • worked on X-ray diffraction of DNA
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15
Q

(1951-53) Rosalind Franklin, Gosling and
Maurice Wilkins (King’s College)

A

➢ helical DNA structure

➢ sugar and phosphate outside

➢ nucleotides inside

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16
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick

A
  • triple helix
  • phosphate in the center
17
Q

1950s Linus Pauling

A
  • Chemist, California
    Institute of Technology
  • triple helix DNA
18
Q

*John Griffith

A
  • nucleotides are flat, one on top of another
  • possibility of A=T, C=G pairing
  • Crick saw the importance of specific pairing
    in replication.
19
Q

*Erwin Chargaff

A
  • purine-pyrimidine ratio 1:1
    (Chargaff’s rule)
20
Q

*Jerry Donohue

A
  • H in the bases can change its position
  • possibility for H bonding
21
Q

Publications of Watson and Crick

A

*Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acid. April
1953. Nature. 171:737-738.

*Genetic Implications of the Structure of
Deoxyribonucleic Acid. May 1953.
Nature.171:964-967.

22
Q

Nobel Prize Winners in 1962 for configuration
of DNA

A

Watson, Crick
and Wilkins

23
Q

Features of DNA

A
  1. It is composed of two polynucleotide strands.
  2. The two strands are anti-parallel.
  3. Specific pairing A = T, C = G
  4. It forms a helical coil.
  5. Sugar is 2-deoxy-D-ribose.
24
Q

Evidences to show that DNA is the genetic material

A
  1. Relative constancy of DNA in all diploid tissues.
  • in starvation, DNA unchanged
  1. Haploid cell has half the amount of DNA in
    diploid cell.
  2. Doubling of DNA content at S phase.
  3. Cells with extra sets of chromosomes have a

proportional increase in DNA content.
- polyploidy, polyteny

  1. Parallelism of UV absorption with mutation
    rates
  2. Transformation and transduction in bacteria
  3. Production of new viral particles in
    bacterial cells.
  4. RNA content of TMV caused infection and
    not the protein coat.
25
Q

RNA Structure

A
  1. composed of one polynucleotide strand
  2. sugar is D-ribose
  3. no Thymine but instead Uracil;

Adenine Cytosine Guanine

26
Q

1958, Matthew Meselson and

Franklin Stahl

A
  • semi-conservative mode
  • grew E. coli in 15N and 14N
  • isolated the DNA
  • centrifugation in cesium chloride
27
Q

1958, Matthew Meselson and

Franklin Stahl

A
  • semi-conservative mode
  • grew E. coli in 15N and 14N
  • isolated the DNA
  • centrifugation in cesium chloride
28
Q

replisome

A
  • DNA Polymerase III with two catalytic cores
  • Primosome (helicase + primase)
29
Q

Mechanisms of high precision replication

A
  1. specificity of base pairing
  2. proof reading ability of DNA Polymerases

88

  1. Excision repair mechanisms

a. repair of thymine dimer
➢ endonuclease (excision and filling)

b. N glycosidase activity
➢ hydrolyzes bond between damaged
base and sugar

30
Q

Prokaryotic chromosome

A

Escherichia coli with single chromosome

  • double stranded
  • approximately 11,000 μm long
  • 1.1 mm (1mm = 1000 μm)
  • 4 x 106 bp (1 kb = 1000 bp); amount of DNA
    approximately 1,000x the length of E. coli
31
Q

Prokaryotic chromosome organization

A
  • nucleoid
  • organized into about 10 independent domains
  • each domain consists of loops
  • each loop is about 40,000 bp (40kb) of
    supercoiled DNA
  • each domain is held by a protein
  • DNA binding protein Hu and H
32
Q

Eukaryotic Chromosome

A
  • with large amount of DNA
  • diploid human cell
  • length of DNA is 6 ft. long (end to end)
  • 6 ft. X 12 in./ft. x 2.54 cm/inch =183 cm
  • 5.5 x 109 bp (or 5.5 billion bp
  • 5 x 10-4 cm. (or 5 μm) diameter of nucleus

Bio 30 (2 decks)

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