module 5 Flashcards
what maps was the first cartographic visualization on subsurface geology
the strata of England and wales by William smith 1815
who is william smith
self-taught geologist and surveyor - started publishing maps in 1799 - he notices that layers like siltstone, mudstone and coal had a repeating order and that the fossils also correspond with this order
the map of the strata of England and wales by snow what did it show
The potential for coal production in southwest wales and north in Yorkshire and the pennies - coal is cruicil for the industrial revolution
the strata of engldna and wales what was it used for
used for mining and coal - deep watering mines
what is Humboldt map of New Spain and when was it published
it was the best map of the region up to that date and used the archives in Mexico City published in 1811
who is humboldt
polymath with interests in physics, oceanography and climatology
what is humboldt’s isotherm map
his most important map - the idea of the climate in Aristotle - plots the temperature of 13 locations and then interpolates drawing isotherms based on average summer and winter temperatures
what did humbolts isotherm map tell us about weather profiles
that two places can be on the same latitude have different climates
what is the salem map
1822 george whistler and william mcneil shows the 3D map on a 2D map
what does the salem map show
the advantage and disadvantages of the two methods of topographic visualisation: contours and hachure
who is george whistler and william mcneil
two graduated from the US military academy
the map of the hydrographic basin of the upper Mississippi river
oublished in 1843
who created the map of hyrographic basin of the upper Mississippi river
joseph nicollet
who is joseph nicollet
worked at the paris observatory - he undertook major survey of the Mississippi basin that used astronomical and barometric observations as well as additional surveying
the slave population of the southern states map 1860
choropleth map which shows the percentage of the population that was enslaved represented by shades of colours
who is Edwin hergesheimer
worked for the US coast survey and published the slave population map - a german immigrant and left because of his radical politics
sherman’s march to the sea map
1864 sherman marched 60,000 soldiers away from Atlanta to savannah Georgia
the great migration map
product of a fail of a reconstruction after the civil war - slaves move to the industrial settlements in the north
redlining
residential security maps - different colours for different buildings which are “best” and “hazardous”
dymaxion map
fuller - in the control room
united nations map
1945 - Bulluk - quotations of the old and new testaments on the map
define geodesy
the branch of mathematics dealing with the shape and area of the earth or large portions of it.
the radcliffe award
1947 - clear they were moving away - draw boundaries between countries
“red china”, time magazine 1955
map of north asia
taiwan “ROC” - why is it called it
this island has a say over the whole of china
space
first effective rocket V2 - german - atlas 5 launching a modern satellite
selenography/ lunar landing map 1969
map of the moon
apollo 17: blue marble
completeness of the earth
the brandt line
global poverty - the global “north” which means the north is developed countries and the south is developing
tharp-heezen map
map made from sonar of the worlds ocean - showed the topography of the worlds ocean tharp -heezen map helped show the plate tectonics which people didn’t believe until this map
darwins coral reef map
heinrich C berann
1915-1999 - paint panoramic maps
soviet propaganda
yellow areas - trying to get rid of them - trying to detach quebec
what is the human connectome project
mapping of the human brain - 5 year project in 2009 to create a “network map” of the interactions between parts of the human brain
what is non-spatial cartography
a web like image
infographics
paul scrutton - circles all on the page
what is shown on the indigenous communities map, canada
mapped land as seen by hunters, trappers, fishermen and berry-pickers - used to create Nunavut
what is counter-mapping
used by Nancy Palusp in 1995 t describe the process of indigenous people in Indonesia to map their forest resources - to undermine the authority of government maps - the process of cartography that challenges the dominant views of the world and methods in cartography
web Mercator
google maps - varient of the mercator projection - assumes the world is spherical whereas the normal assumes ts ellipsoid
- web mercator calucations are faster than elliptical ones
google earth
- released in 2001
- largest public GIS system with the acquisition of Keyhole
google pagerank
- named after larry page
- counts the number and quality of links to a page to determine a rough estimate of how important the website is
SGI Infinite Reality “Space to Your Face” Demo
mid 1990s SGI
way to demonstrate the clip-map texturing
GIS wars
1998 - presidential column in the newsletter of the Association of American geographers argued that GIS had no claim to intellectual standing
CGIS
tomlinson had the idea that computers could be the solution to the problem of having to use 300 maps to map the forest in ottowa
1962 Tomlinson - maps could be put into numerical form and linked together
what is the geoid
revealed the world was not an ellipsoid but very uneven
Global Positioning System (NAVSTAR)
use of lasers in terrestrial surveying to accurately measure distance 1974 with 31 satellites in orbit - it is owned and operated by the US Department of DOD - normal accuracy of GPS is 3.5 metres
robinson
1961 projection used by rand MCnally and national geographic society atlases
Gall-Peters Projection
cylindrical projection of the world
who is arno peters
german historian and film maker - created the peters projection - studies film in the US - wrote the general history of the world in 1952
Gall-Peters Equal Area World Map,Peters Projection, Five principles
Fidelity of area, axis, position, scale and proportionality
soviet military maps
produced for the public and were deliberatily falsifed to make travel and targeting difficult detailed descriptions of the trees and widths of roads
1:2500000 world maps in 270 sheets in 1960/70s
1.1 million of these military maps
soviet propaganda
frank jacobs
Heinrich C. Berann (1915-1999)
creator of the modern panorama map - he was self taught from the national geographic society - best known for the national parks
Tharp-Heezen Map (Mid-Atlantic Ridge)
born in 1920 - english degreen - ma in geology - map soil types across the US to increase agriculture productivity - mapping topography of the sea floor
Selenography/Lunar Landings Map (1969)
mapping the moon landings
19060s apollo program detailed maps were required
Cartography and the Holocaust
maps to find where the jews were 1930s - shows clusters of jews in black as well as gypsies - supplied to local authorities
Grant’s Present Distribution of European Races
grant : eugenicist and lawyer
made the map because: wanted to show a rigid system of selection through the elimination of those who are weak or unfit - social failures
Nazi Propaganda
1935 map shows czechsolvakia endagered germany
Racial Maps
where the different races were across the US
Friedrich Ratzel’s Lebensraum
human existence was a fight for geographical space
Sykes-Picot Agreement
secret agreement between france and britan in 1916 that divided up the middle east following the fall of the ottoman empire
World Aeronautical Chart
created by the international civil aviation organization after huge increases in flying meant a need for a new chart - combines IMW and WAC because of their scales
Albrecht Penck (1858-1945)(centred on the poles)
map centred on the poles - the millionth map of the world
he worked on ice age stratigraphy and glaciers in the bavarian alps
International Map of the World (1909-)(polyconic projection)
neither conformal nor equavalent but okay for mid-range scale of the map - contours used at 200, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500
Wegener’s Palaeocontinents (c. 1915)
first to propose a Pangea - couldnt develop a mechanism because he saw the rate of movement as high as 250cm/ year - sea floor spreading
Pirate and Traveler (1906)(more or less centred on the US/Atlantic )
published in 1906 by the California educational games company - allows children to go on long journeys that are broken by mishapes - to teach students about countries and their resources
“The Geographical Pivot of History” (1904)(Halford Mackinder)
Halford MacKinder - founder of the london school of economics as well as a Scottish member of parliament - oval shape - mercator projection - predicted the 1939 pact between Russia and Germany and the formation of NATO
Orthomosaic
maps are easier to produce and update - aerial photos
Fundamental Benchmarks
national levelling benchmarks have been maintained with great care - monument in Ottowa
National Triangulation Networks
need for precise surveying - great improvement in the accuracy of national triangulation networks which used church spires
Photogrammetry
1939 stereoplotter for using overlapping photos seen in stereo to draw topographic maps - solved the technical challenges of using terrestrial surveying instruments to take the tens of thousands of spot measurements required for large-scale accurate topo-mapping
The Airplane in WWI (Cameras)
cameras were used to take overlapping photographs
Early Aerial Photography
hot air balloon photos were taken by Gaspard-Felix Gournachon (Nadar).
“Topography of Niagara” (1827)
nadir view of the landscape before the camera by the American painter George Catlin
Photography
by Nicephore Niepce in collaboration with niepce - copying from a negative
Density Maps
snow used dot distribution
John Snow’s Cholera Map
the map is of the sho district of London and represents the beginning of modern epidemiology and the germ theory - he mapped the 500 deaths and used small bars to represent the number of deaths - cholera came from the pump and it should be closed.
john snow: doctor who rejected the idea of the mias theory
Descriptive Map of London Poverty (1898-9)
created by charles booth (liverpool born philanthropist)
map shows the social make-up of London conducted by interviews with people across the city
Matthew Maury’s Wind and Current Chart
use of old log books and reports of naval and sea captains
shows how the currents often were not the same as the great-circle/ rumb lines
Greenwich Meridian
The Dominion Land Survey
an effort to divide western canada into sections - started in 1871 and applied a survey gird of 800,000
- divided into 36 sections
- it was disruptive and led to the re river rebellion
Cadastral Surveying and County Atlases
Adventist Missionary Map
“folk map” insight into the underlying beliefs of preacher William miller’s Adventists - shows the continent of Africa where Adventist missionaries were working
The Miller Chart
combines enlightenment empiricism with religion in his deist position
Dr. Livingstone’s Map of Africa
map of africa as being marked with all of the colours of the rainbow - shows his last journey and the lakes he discovered as well as rivers - the first western map of the interior of africa
“Indian Territory” Map
base map produced by henry schenk tanner 19th century American cartographer - shows how indigenous peoples controlled the very fertile plains of the US - coloured zones show lands already in treaties as well as the indian territory - used by congree as part of legislative acts removing aboriginal peoples
Cotton Boom
60% o us exports were cotton - map shows this
Sherman’s March to the Sea
he marches 60,000 sodiers away frm atlanta to savannah Georgia - destroyed southern property, freed slaves as they marches to sea
Slave Population of the Southern States
