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Networking Fundamentals > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Question: What does IPv4 stand for?

A

Answer: Internet Protocol version 4

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2
Q

Question: What is the purpose of IPv4?

A

Answer: To identify devices on a network using a 32-bit numerical address

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3
Q

Question: How many bits long is an IPv4 address?

A

Answer: 32-bits

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4
Q

Question: What does IPv4 protocol used for?

A

Answer: Routing data packets between devices.

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5
Q

Question: What are the five classes of IPv4 addresses?

A

Answer: A, B, C, D, and E

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6
Q

Question: What is the range of Class A addresses?

A

Answer: 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0

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7
Q

Question: How many bits are used for the network portion in Class B addresses?

A

Answer: 16 bits

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8
Q

Question: What is the purpose of Class D addresses?

A

Answer: They are reserved for multicast addresses and used to send data to multiple hosts at once.

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9
Q

Question: What is the range of Class E addresses?

A

Answer: 240.0.0.0 to 255.0.0.0.

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10
Q

Question: What class of IPv4 addresses are typically used for large organizations and corporations?

A

Answer: Class A addresses

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11
Q

Question: What class of IPv4 addresses are typically used for medium-sized organizations?

A

Answer: Class B addresses

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12
Q

Question: What class of IPv4 addresses are typically used for small organizations or individual users?

A

Answer: Class C addresses

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13
Q

Question: What is the purpose of Class D addresses?

A

Answer: They are reserved for multicast addresses, used to send data to multiple hosts at once.

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14
Q

Question: What is the purpose of Class E addresses?

A

Answer: They are reserved for experimental or future use, not currently used for general internet addressing.

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15
Q

Question: What is IPv4 classful addressing?

A

Answer: A method of allocating IP addresses that was used in the early days of the internet, where IP addresses are divided into five classes (A, B, C, D, and E) based on the value of the first octet of the address.

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16
Q

Question: How many classes of IP addresses are there in classful addressing?

A

Answer: Five classes: A, B, C, D and E

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17
Q

Question: What are the limitations of classful addressing?

A

Answer: Wastage of IP addresses and the inability to subnet large networks effectively.

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18
Q

Question: What is the current addressing scheme used on the internet?

A

Answer: Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

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19
Q

Question: How is the IP address divided in classful addressing?

A

Answer: IP addresses are divided into five classes (A, B, C, D, and E) based on the value of the first octet of the address, each class has a specific range of addresses and a default number of bits used for the network and host portions of the address.

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20
Q

Question: What is a public IPv4 address?

A

Answer: An address that is assigned to devices that are connected to the internet and are reachable from any device on the internet.

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21
Q

Question: What is a private IPv4 address?

A

Answer: An address that is used within a private network and is not reachable from the internet.

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22
Q

Question: What is the main difference between public and private IPv4 addresses?

A

Answer: Public addresses are globally unique and reachable from the internet, while private addresses are only used within a private network and are not reachable from the internet.

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23
Q

Question: Who is responsible for assigning private IPv4 addresses?

A

Answer: Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

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24
Q

Question: Are private IP addresses unique?

A

Answer: No, they are not unique, they are commonly used in homes and businesses.

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25
Q

Question: What are reserved addresses?

A

Answer: IP addresses set aside by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for specific uses and not intended for general use.

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26
Q

Question: What is the loopback address?

A

Answer: A special IP address, 127.0.0.1, that is used to refer to the localhost, or the current device being used, used for testing network configurations and for bypassing external network interfaces.

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27
Q

Question: What are Class D addresses used for?

A

Answer: They are reserved for multicast addresses, used to send data to multiple hosts at once.

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28
Q

Question: What are Class E addresses used for?

A

Answer: They are reserved for experimental or future use.

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29
Q

Question: What is APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing)?

A

Answer: A feature in Windows operating systems that allows computers to automatically assign themselves IP addresses when a DHCP server is not available. The addresses are in the range of 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254.

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30
Q

Question: What are the essential parameters that need to be configured when setting up an IPv4 host?

A

Answer: IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway.

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31
Q

Question: What is the method of manually configuring an IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway on a host called?

A

Answer: Static configuration

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32
Q

Question: What is DHCP?

A

Answer: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, it is a protocol used to automatically assign IP addresses, subnet masks, and default gateways to hosts on a network.

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33
Q

Question: Who is responsible for assigning IP addresses and other network configuration information to hosts on the network in DHCP?

A

Answer: DHCP server

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34
Q

Question: What are the benefits of using DHCP over static configuration?

A

Answer: DHCP eliminates the need for manual configuration, it saves time and reduces the chance of errors, DHCP servers keep track of assigned IP addresses, it enables easy IP address management, and DHCP allows for easier network expansion.

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35
Q

Question: What is a subnet?

A

Answer: A smaller network created by dividing a larger network into smaller, more manageable segments.

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36
Q

Question: What is the purpose of subnets?

A

Answer: To group hosts with similar network requirements and to reduce network congestion.

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37
Q

Question: How are subnets created?

A

Answer: By borrowing some bits from the host portion of an IP address and using them to create a subnet mask.

38
Q

Question: What is a subnet mask?

A

Answer: A subnet mask is used to determine which portion of the IP address represents the network portion and which portion represents the host portion.

39
Q

Question: How does subnetting help in IP addresses management?

A

Answer: Subnetting allows for more efficient use of IP addresses, it allows for better security, it allows for easier network troubleshooting, and it allows for more flexibility in network design.

40
Q

Question: What is a subnet mask?

A

Answer: A 32-bit number that is used to divide an IP address into a network address and a host address.

41
Q

Question: How is a subnet mask used?

A

Answer: To determine which portion of the IP address represents the network portion and which portion represents the host portion.

42
Q

Question: What is the typical representation of a subnet mask?

A

Answer: Four octets separated by periods, such as 255.255.255.0.

43
Q

Question: How is the subnet mask used in conjunction with IP addresses?

A

Answer: To create subnets, the subnet mask is used to identify the network portion of an IP address and to determine which hosts belong to a particular network.

44
Q

Question: What is the purpose of subnetting?

A

Answer: To divide a larger network into smaller, more manageable segments, to group hosts with similar network requirements and to reduce network congestion.

45
Q

Question: What is Classless IPv4 addressing?

A

Answer: A method of allocating IP addresses that replaces the older classful addressing system, where IP addresses are not divided into classes and the network portion of an IP address can be of any length.

46
Q

Question: What is Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)?

A

Answer: A method of allocating IP addresses that replaces the older classful addressing system.

47
Q

Question: What is the main advantage of CIDR over classful addressing?

A

Answer: CIDR allows for more efficient use of IP addresses and allows for more flexibility in network design.

48
Q

Question: How does CIDR represent the network portion of an IP address?

A

Answer: CIDR uses a prefix notation, where the number of bits used to represent the network portion of the IP address is explicitly defined, represented by a slash followed by a number, such as 192.0.2.0/24.

49
Q

Question: What is the current addressing scheme used on the internet?

A

Answer: Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

50
Q

Question: How does CIDR help in IP addresses management?

A

Answer: CIDR allows for more efficient use of IP addresses by allowing for more flexible network design and by allowing for more efficient use of the IP address space. Additionally, CIDR allows for more specific allocation of IP addresses to different networks, reducing the waste of IP addresses that can occur with classful addressing.

51
Q

Question: How to determine the subnet ID for a given IP address and subnet mask?

A

Answer: Convert the IP address and subnet mask to binary, perform a bitwise AND operation between the IP address and subnet mask, resulting number is the subnet ID.

52
Q

Question: How to determine the host ID for a given IP address and subnet mask?

A

Answer: The portion of the IP address that is not part of the subnet ID is the host ID.

53
Q

Question: What is the process of determining subnet ID and host ID for a given IP address and subnet mask?

A

Answer: Convert the IP address and subnet mask to binary, perform a bitwise AND operation between the IP address and subnet mask, resulting number is the subnet ID, the portion of the IP address that is not part of the subnet ID is the host ID.

54
Q

Question: What is the benefit of determining subnet ID and host ID for a given IP address and subnet mask?

A

Answer: It helps in identifying the network and host portions of an IP address and make it easier to manage the IP address space.

55
Q

Question: What is the bitwise AND operation?

A

Answer: A bitwise AND operation compares each bit of two numbers and returns 1 only if both bits are 1. It is used to compare two numbers and return a number where only the bits that are set in both numbers are set in the result.

56
Q

Question: What are the limitations of IPv4?

A

Answer: Limited address space, lack of security, and limited routing capabilities.

57
Q

Question: How does IPv6 address the limitations of IPv4?

A

Answer: IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, providing a much larger address space and eliminating the need for network address translation (NAT), it also includes built-in security features, such as IPSec, and improved routing capabilities.

58
Q

Question: What is the size of the address space in IPv4?

A

Answer: 32-bit addresses, which limits the number of unique addresses that can be assigned to 4.3 billion.

59
Q

Question: What is the size of the address space in IPv6?

A

Answer: 128-bit addresses, providing a much larger address space.

60
Q

Question: What are the main differences between IPv4 and IPv6?

A

Answer: IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses and IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, IPv4 does not have built-in security features and IPv6 includes built-in security features, IPv4 has limited routing capabilities and IPv6 improved routing capabilities, IPv4 requires Network Address Translation (NAT) and IPv6 eliminates the need for NAT.

61
Q

Question: What is the size of the IPv6 address space?

A

Answer: 128-bit addresses, allowing for a total of 2^128 unique addresses, approximately 340 trillion, trillion, trillion addresses.

62
Q

Question: How is an IPv6 address represented?

A

Answer: Typically represented in hexadecimal notation, with eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons. Example: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

63
Q

Question: What are the types of addresses in IPv6 address space?

A

Answer: Unicast, multicast, and anycast.

64
Q

Question: What are the uses of unicast addresses in IPv6 address space?

A

Answer: Used to identify a single interface, unicast addresses are assigned to individual interfaces on a host or router.

65
Q

Question: What are the uses of multicast addresses in IPv6 address space?

A

Answer: Used to identify a group of interfaces, multicast addresses are used to send a single packet to multiple destinations.

66
Q

Question: What are the uses of anycast addresses in IPv6 address space?

A

Answer: Used to identify a group of interfaces, with packets being delivered to the nearest interface, anycast addresses are used for load balancing and for providing multiple points of presence for a single service.

67
Q

Question: What are the types of IPv6 addresses?

A

Answer: Unicast, multicast, and anycast.

68
Q

Question: What is an interface identifier in IPv6 address?

A

Answer: Identifies a specific interface on a host or router.

69
Q

Question: What is a prefix in IPv6 address?

A

Answer: Identifies the network to which the interface belongs.

70
Q

Question: How is the interface identifier created in IPv6 address?

A

Answer: Typically created using the host’s MAC address or a randomly generated number.

71
Q

Question: Who assigns the prefix in IPv6 address?

A

Answer: Assigned by a network administrator.

72
Q

Question: What are the benefits of using interface identifier and prefix in IPv6 address?

A

Answer: They allow for unique identification of interfaces and networks, and enable efficient routing, addressing and management of IP addresses.

73
Q

Question: What is the dual stack approach in Windows 10?

A

Answer: The ability for the operating system to support both IPv4 and IPv6 protocols simultaneously.

74
Q

Question: What are the benefits of the dual stack approach in Windows 10?

A

Answer: Provides greater flexibility and compatibility by allowing communication with both IPv4 and IPv6 devices and networks.

75
Q

Question: How does Windows 10 handle communication with IPv4 and IPv6 devices and networks when using the dual stack approach?

A

Answer: By default, Windows 10 uses IPv6 addresses, but if the destination device or network only supports IPv4, the operating system will automatically switch to using IPv4 addresses.

76
Q

Question: How to enable the dual stack approach in Windows 10?

A

Answer: By enabling the “Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6)” feature in the “Turn Windows features on or off” option in the Control Panel.

77
Q

Question: what are the steps to enable dual stack in windows 10?

A

Answer: Go to Control Panel > Programs > Turn Windows features on or off > check Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) >OK, then click OK to finish the process.

78
Q

Question: What are IPv4-to-IPv6 transition technologies?

A

Answer: technologies that have been developed to help organizations and networks transition from IPv4 to IPv6.

79
Q

Question: How does Tunneling work in IPv4-to-IPv6 transition?

A

Answer: Encapsulating IPv6 packets within IPv4 packets to allow them to be transmitted over an IPv4 network.

80
Q

Question: How does Translation work in IPv4-to-IPv6 transition?

A

Answer: Translating IPv6 packets into IPv4 packets and vice versa, allowing IPv6 devices to communicate with IPv4 devices.

81
Q

Question: How does Dual Stack work in IPv4-to-IPv6 transition?

A

Answer: Running both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks on a device or network to allow for communication with both IPv4 and IPv6 devices and networks.

82
Q

Question: What are the benefits of using IPv4-to-IPv6 transition technologies?

A

Answer: They provide a seamless transition from IPv4 to IPv6, allowing organizations and networks to continue communicating with IPv4 devices while gradually implementing IPv6.

83
Q

Question: How to configure an IPv6 host?

A

Answer: Using Stateless autoconfiguration, Stateful autoconfiguration (DHCPv6), Manual Configuration.

84
Q

Question: What is Stateless autoconfiguration?

A

Answer: The host generates its own IPv6 address using the prefix advertised by the router and its own interface identifier.

85
Q

Question: What is Stateful autoconfiguration?

A

Answer: The host sends a request to the DHCPv6 server to obtain its IPv6 address and other configuration information.

86
Q

Question: What is manual configuration?

A

Answer: The administrator assigns a static IPv6 address to the host.

87
Q

Question: What is Link-Local address in IPv6 host?

A

Answer: An automatically generated address using the host’s interface identifier and the prefix FE80::/10, allowing for communication with other devices on the same network segment.

88
Q

Question: What are the benefits of using Link-Local address for IPv6 host?

A

Answer: It allows for easy communication with other devices on the same network segment without the need for a DHCP server or manual configuration.

89
Q

What is the range of Class B address?

A

128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255. This means that the first two octets are used to identify the network, and the last two octets are used to identify individual hosts. Class B addresses can support up to 16,384 networks, with each network having up to 65,534 hosts.

90
Q

What is the range of Class C address?

A

The range of a Class C address is 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255. This means that the first three octets are used to identify the network, and the last octet is used to identify individual hosts. Class C addresses can support up to 2,097,152 networks, with each network having up to 254 hosts.

91
Q

What does the IP address of the default gateway usually look like?

A

The IP address of the default gateway is usually the IP address of the router on a local network. It is often the first address in the subnet, and it’s often the IP address used to access the router’s configuration page. For example, if the subnet is 192.168.1.0/24, the default gateway IP address is often set to 192.168.1.1 or 192.168.1.254 by default. However, the IP address of the default gateway can be configured to any IP address within the subnet. This means that it can be set to any IP address of the range of the subnet.

92
Q

What is a reverse proxy?

A

A reverse proxy is a type of proxy server that sits in front of one or more web servers and directs client requests to the appropriate web server. The reverse proxy acts as an intermediary between the clients and the web servers, handling tasks such as load balancing, SSL termination, and request routing.

The reverse proxy is called “reverse” because it sits in front of the web servers and receives requests from clients, then forwards those requests to the appropriate web server. This is in contrast to a “forward” proxy, which sits behind the clients and forwards requests on their behalf.

Networking Fundamentals (8 decks)

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