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phgy 170 > module 5 > Flashcards

module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cytoskeleton ?

A

network of structural proteins which will occupy the cytosol and extends throughout the cytoplasm and will allow signalling and transport to occur , will also give cell shape

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2
Q

what are the 3 classes of proteins in the cytoskeleton ?

A

intermediate filaments, actin and microtubules

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3
Q

microtubules primary role

A

support trafficking within cells

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4
Q

intermediate filaments primary role

A

add mechanical strength to cells

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5
Q

actin primary purpose

A

support cellular motility and large scale movements like contractions

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6
Q

what are the intermediate filaments like int he body ?

A

bones in the body, in where they will provide strength allowing them to resist shape change , are the strongest filaments and provide the greatest mechanical strength

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7
Q

why are intermediate filaments divided into different classes ?

A

different cells in the body will face different amounts of mechanical stress where different cells will have different types of intermediate filaments

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8
Q

class 1 intermediate filaments

A

acidic keratins , epithelial cells , used for tissue strength and integrity

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9
Q

class2 intermediate filaments

A

basic keratins , epithelial cells , tissue strength and integrity

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10
Q

class 3 intermediate filaments

A

Desmin, GFAP, vimentin , periphevin found in muscle cells , glial cells and are needed for sarcomere organization and integrity

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11
Q

class 4 intermediate filaments

A

neurofilaments protein, found in neurons and are used for axon organization

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12
Q

Class 5 intermediate filaments

A

LAMINS protein, found in nucleus needed for nuclear structure and organization

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13
Q

where does the strength of intermediate filaments come from ?

A

how individual proteins are packaged and assembled into polymers , wont gain strength until fully assembled

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14
Q

role of secondary structures in intermediate filaments

A

intermediate filaments are rich in a helices where al lot of there strength comes from and are responsible for the long coiled structures of the filaments while the hydrogen bonds will stabilize the structure

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15
Q

tertiary and quaternary structures of intermediate filaments

A

tertiary- contains coiled monomers
quaternary- contains coiled dimers

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16
Q

coiled monomers will come together to form what ?

A

will form a dimer where the they will wrap around each other to create a coiled coil - this will allow for maximum hydrogen bonding between 2 peptides

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17
Q

what will 2 dimers create ?

A

will create tetramers , where the dimers will assemble in antiparallel fashion , aligned lengthwise , the hydrogen bonding and strength of the filament increases
known as the building block of intermediate filaments

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18
Q

what are the 3 stages that the tetramer building blocks come together ?

A

1)formation of a unit length filament ( 8 tetramers join )
2) immature filament is created by unit length filaments coming together
3) mature filament is formed by compacting

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19
Q

what is the role of post translational modifications in intermediate filaments

A

will control the shape and functions of the intermediate filament
Phosphoryaltion and glycosylation will occur in the head and tail domains

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20
Q

phosphorlyation of an intermediate filament will result in

A

dissolution of an intermediate filament into unit length filaments, this is important because filaments need to be able to be assembled and dissasembled for cellular processes like cell division

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21
Q

what are the 3 specialized intermediate filament

A

Lamin,Desmin and keratin

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22
Q

what is a lamin ?

A

intermediate filament found in the nucleus which forms the nuclear matrix which will protect the chromatin

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23
Q

what are desmins ?

A

intermediate filament that doesnt for long thin filaments but acts by coonnecting structures together and is needed for muscle integrity

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24
Q

what is keratin?

A

intermediate filament that binds to desmosomes to forma complex

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25
Q

What is the primary role of microtubules ?

A

they are used in cellular trafficking and will determine how things are trafficked in the cytoplasm

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26
Q

microtubule assembly happens where and requires ?

A

many proteins and will be assembled in the microtubule organization centre, MTOC can be found in different areas of the cell

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27
Q

what are microtubules made out of

A

tubulins made of dimerized proteins

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28
Q

what is tubulin a and tubulin B ?

A

globular proteins which will bind in head and tail to
fashion to form a dimer

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29
Q

both tubulin a and B can bind to ?

A

GTP AND B tubulin can cleave its GTP to GDP , and there will be a shape change

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30
Q

STEPS in microtubule assembly

A

1) dimers form unstable polymers
2) Polymer growth -polymer with 6 subunits, it will be more stable and grow longitudinally and form a protofilament
3) formation of protofilament tubes - will form a sheet where 13 protofilaments will come together and becomes the nucleation site for microtubule elongation
4) assembly and disassembly - ends of microtubules , dimers will continue to come and go, if rate of assembly is higher than dissassmebly, the mircotubule will grow

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31
Q

Assembly in microtubules

A

a tubules will always have GTP while B tubulin will have GTP or GDP –> GTP bound to B tubulin, dimer polymerization will be favoured and they will be attached to each other

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32
Q

dissassembly in microtubules

A

B tubulins GTP IS HYDROLYSED to GDP, there will be a conformational change that promotes depolymerization–> leads to dissassembly

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33
Q

what is meant by polarity of microtubules ?

A

because of the end to end polymerization of dimers , the ends will have different polarity , both ends can grow but it wont occur at the same rate

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34
Q

what is dynamic instability

A

microtubules ability to shrink or grow very quickly depending on the environment of the cell and what it needs

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35
Q

what is a GTP cap?

A

growing microtubule ha s

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36
Q

what will hydrolysis do in dynamic instability

A

GTP hydrolysis can expose GDP bound subunits at the tip

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37
Q

what happens after hydrolysis

A

catastrophic depolymerization

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38
Q

what is recapping ?

A

GTP subunits will bind to recap the microtubule and stop depolymerization

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39
Q

microtubule growth will happen when ?

A

will continue growing when GTP bound dimers are available

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40
Q

tubule dimers are preferentially added to ? when will they always grow ?

A

the plus end and as long as there is GTP bound tubulins dimers present

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41
Q

when will they stop growing ?

A

When GTP is converted to GDP on the tubule dimers at one end they will rapidly fall off and can initiate catastrophe which is rapid depolymerization of tubule dimers at the plus end creating a shortened microtubule

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42
Q

what can be done against microtubule catastrophe ?

A

catastrophe aversion : Capping
catastrophe reversal : rescue

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43
Q

what is capping in catastrophe ?

A

microtubule is desired length, plus end will be bound to capping proteins that will add stability to microtubules and keep them polymerized even in GDP bound dimers

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44
Q

when can rescue occur ?

A

spontaneously if there is enough GTP bound dimers present but can also happen in the presence of other proteins

45
Q

what are the 2 reasons dynamic instability are needed ?

A

allows cells to rapidly create new pathways for trafficking depending on its changing needs
- allows cells to exert force , any molecule near plus end of the microtubule will be transported through the cell as it grows or shrinks

46
Q

microtubule based motor proteins are used for?

A

to control trafficking , they can bind to cargo that needs to be trafficked and will then bind to microtubule and walk along it, walking requires ATP

47
Q

most common motor proteins are?

A

kinesin and dynein

48
Q

kinesins will move towards which end ?

A

kinesin will move towards the plus end while dynein will move towards the minus end

49
Q

what are the 5 steps in the walking of motor proteins ?

A

1) head on is bound to microtubule and head 2 is bound to ADP
2) walking movement is started by ATP binding to head 1creating a conformational change that allows head 2 to swing around
3) Head 2 will be over a binding site , it will bind to the microtubule and releases ADP
4)ATP in head 1 will undergo hydrolysis turning it to ADP causing it to be released from microtubule
5) entire process is repeated but with ATP binding to head 2 , creating head 1 to swing around

50
Q

how do actin and microtubules differ?

A

they differ in the networks they form- actin network contributes to the structure of the cell and to large scale movements like muscle contractions , actin cytoskeleton can move the cell itself

51
Q

composition of actin ?

A

globular proteins

52
Q

movement of actin ?

A

motor proteins are used to initiate movement

53
Q

what is the building block of the actin cytoskeleton ?

A

monomeric actin protein (actin monomers)

54
Q

what is the structure of actin filaments?

A

bind to each other longitudinally and laterally which create high tensile strength

55
Q

polarization and actin filaments

A

ends are not the same charge where the plus end is called the barbed end and the minus end is he pointed end

56
Q

describe polymerization with actin

A

actin monomers will bind ADP/ ATP, binding of ATP to an actin monomer will promote assembly/ polymerization whereas binding of ADP will encourage dissassembly

57
Q

what are the stages of actin polymerization

A

nucleation, elongation and steady state

58
Q

nucleation

A

2 actin monomers dimerize however nucleation will take place when the 3rd actin monomer binds to the dimer to form nucleus trimer, serves as the same purpose as MTOC

59
Q

ELONGATION

A

elongation can happen in both directions but polymerization is favoured in the plus end , actin polymerization is dynamic with actin monomers being added and removed

60
Q

STEADY STATE

A

when rate of assembly is the same as rate of disssembly there will be a steady state and elongation will stop

61
Q

what is actin treadmilling ?

A

favoured addition of monomers to one end with the same rate of removal from the other end and will keep actin filament the same length also resulting in the filament moving within the cell

62
Q

how is treadmilling regulated ?

A

ATP rich actin concentration compared to ADP bound actin where ATP actin to polymerize is lower in the plus end than the minus end, ifATP concentration is perfect,

63
Q

what does treadmilling allow ?

A

ability to rapidly adjust the actin cytoskeleton faster than intermediate filaments that require dissassembly

64
Q

what role do actin binding proteins play ?

A

will modulate the structure and function of actin cytoskeleton and play important role in disassembly

65
Q

monomer binding proteins

A

abp WHICH will bind directly to the actin monomers and influence polymerization

66
Q

nucleating proteins

A

Abp which binds to actin polymers to increase stability

67
Q

capping proteins

A

ABP that bind to the plus or minus end and can stabilize the polymer to prevent dissasembly and further assembly

68
Q

severing and depolymerization proteins

A

proteins that bind to the actin polymer and sever or induce dissassembly

69
Q

cross linking proteins

A

will create side to side linkage of actin polymer to form actin filament bundles

70
Q

membrane anchors

A

link actin to non actin structures behave like integrins

71
Q

Actin Binding motor proteins

A

proteins that bind to the actin filament and allow movement

72
Q

most popular type of actin binding motor protein ?

A

myosin which has 18 different families which are a multi sub unit protein that contains either light chains or heavy chains based on size

73
Q

what are the 3 domains of myosin ?

A

the motor ,regulatory and tail

74
Q

motor domain in myosin

A

formed by a heavy chain, bind to actin filament and ATP

75
Q

regulatory domain in myosin

A

heavy chain and 2 light chains which moves back and forth as myosin moves

76
Q

tail domain in myosin

A

binds other proteins or myosins

77
Q

how does myosin move ?

A

1) hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate causes a conformational change in regulatory domain swinging it like a lever
2) motor domain will bind to the actin filament where the inorganic phosphate is released from the myosin causing the myosin to be pulled along the actin filament , binding of new ATP will cause the myosin to unbind from actin filament
3)myosin will move towards the barbed or plus end of the actin filament

78
Q

what is cellular migration ?

A

when the cell actually moves around not just cargo

79
Q

how does the cell carry out migration ?

A

the cel will use actin filaments and motor proteins to create pushing and pulling forces

80
Q

cell migration is initiated how?

A

actin filaments will polymerize near plasma membrane which will push it outwards

81
Q

what are the 3 actin responsible for cell migration ?

A

filopodia, stress fibres and lamellipodia

82
Q

what are filopedia?

A

thin parallel bundles of filaments which will extend in the direction of intended movement

83
Q

lamellipodia

A

larger sheet like bundles of actin filaments, which are polar structures that are broader and distend a wider amount of the plasma membrane

84
Q

stress fibres

A

actin filaments that are rich in motor proteins and are anchored to integrins which allows the cells to move forward

85
Q

what is interphase ?

A

G1 , S and G2 where most of the cells life will be in G1- interphase is when the cell is actively living or preparing to divide

86
Q

what is mitosis ?

A

when cells are dividing where it will go through a cell cycle where it will continue to divide in its lifetime

87
Q

why are cell cycle checkpoints needed ?

A

cells have developed certain checkpoints at certain transition phases in cell division - division requires lots of energy with mass rearrangements taking place

88
Q

what is the functional unit of checkpoints ?

A

cyclins and cyclin dependant kinases which are proteins that are associated with progression in the cell cycle
CDK and cyclins will bind together to get activated in which other proteins will undergo phosphorlyation

89
Q

how do cyclins and CDK work in the cycle ?

A

CDK and cyclins will bind together to get activated in which other proteins will undergo phosphorlyation that will trigger the next stage of the cell cycle

90
Q

G1 phase in cell cycle

A

not actively dividing, , G1 cells will be active and growing but have not committed yet to dividing and need to pass checkpoint to begin

91
Q

G0

A

not part of the cycle but is when cells are not dividing and can be described as being in a resting state

92
Q

G1/S checkpoint

A

Dna damaged is checked out before it goes to S phase which is known as the start. point and commits to division, activation of signals allowing cell to divide

93
Q

S phase

A

cell replicates entire genome and centrosome is duplicated, the cell is getting ready to divide

94
Q

S/G2 checkpoint

A

check of DNA integrity before it goes to G2

95
Q

G2 phase

A

last chance for cells to grow before division takes place and cellular contents are increased

96
Q

G2/M checkpoint

A

tigers large scale rearrnagement in the cell structures that allows for mitosis –> increase in cell volume will allow cells to pass this checkpoint

97
Q

M phase

A

Stage where mitosis and cell division take place

98
Q

mitotic spindle checkpoint

A

makes sure all chromosomes are properly separated preventing chromosome imbalance –> makes sure that cytokinesis only takes place after mitosis

99
Q

P 53 protein

A

tumour suppressor proteins that makes sure that cells with damaged DNA dont divide and can start apoptosis within cells that are damaged- protein doesnt work ,cell will divide uncontrollably

100
Q

Interphase and mitosis

A

not a phase in mitosis but a state that the cell stays in preceding mitosis( where G1, S AND G2 take place )

101
Q

prophase

A

first stage of mitosis where chromosomes become condensed and packed into chromatids and there will be 2 copies of each chromosome known as sister chromatids and are connected by the centromere
- gene transcription stops and endomembrane system dissolves where mitochondria remain intact

102
Q

what happens after chromosome condensation ?

A

nuclear envelope will dissolve that will release chromosomes into the cytosol and the microtubules will reorganize into form mitotic spindle that will form around the centrosomes

103
Q

what are centrosomes ?

A

centrioles and proteins form together to make centrosomes which are used as MTOCS

104
Q

Prometaphase in mitosis

A

formation of the kinetochore which is protein complex that binds to chromatids on either side of the centromere each sister chromatids will have 2 kinethochores

105
Q

what is the function of kinetochores ?

A

molecular motors that will use ATP to polymerize spindle fibres letting the chromosome move in the cell

106
Q

Metaphase in mitosis

A

chromosomes will arrive at the spindle equator which will be equidistant to the 2 centrosomes and chromosomes will attach to the kinetochore microtubules which will pull in both directions
mitotic spindle checkpoint is here and only when they are properly aligned will the cell move into anaphase

107
Q

anaphase in mitosis

A

proteins that bind the sister chromatids are cleaved dividing each into 2 identical daughter chromosomes and kinetochore microtubules are shortened moving the chromosomes apart and towards opposite ends , the max condensation level is reached for the chromosomes and microtubules will begin to move around the spindle equator to prepare for the contractile ring

108
Q

telophase and mitosis

A

reorganization of the cell final stage of mitosis , rearangement from prophase are reversed and the nuclear membrane is reformed around the chromosomes along with the cytoskeleton reforming and endomembrane system

109
Q

cytokinesis

A

final step in cell division ( not a mitosis step ) contractile ring will form where the spindle equator was located and the cell will divide in half as the ring tightens, plasma membrane will snap and reform due to the cells hydrophobic nature

phgy 170 (4 decks)

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