MODULE 5 Flashcards
What is reproduction
It is a biological process through which living organisms produce offsprings similar to themselves
What does reproduction ensure?
The continuation of various species on earth
What are the two methods of reproduction?
- Asexual
2. Sexual
Characteristics of Asexual reproduction
- involves only one parent
- no union of gametes
- produces genetically identical off spring to parent
- results in haploid cell
Characteristics of sexual reproduction
- involves the union go gametes
- forms genetically different off spring
- results in diploid cell
What are the two methods of fertilisation?
- External
2. Internal
Advantages of internal fertilisation
- fertilisation more likely to occur
- embryo protected form predators
- offspring more likely to survive
Advantages of external fertilisation
- little energy required to mate
- large numbers of offspring produced
Disadvantages of internal fertilisation
- higher energy requirement to find mate
- less offspring produced
- more energy required
Disadvantages of external fertilisation
- many gametes go unfertilised
- offspring often not protected by parents
External fertilisation example
Staghorn Coral
Asexual reproduction in plants methods
- Budding
- Binary fission
- Spores
Process of budding
Part of plant breaks away and then regrows by itself forming a identical clone
Whats an example of vegetative propagation
Budding
Whats the way bacteria reproduce?
Binary fission
Steps involved in Binary fission
- Replication of DNA
- growth of cell
- segregation of DNA
- Splitting of cells
What are gymnosperms
Vascular, non flowering seed plants e.g conifers, Wollemi pine
What are Angiosperms
Seed producing via flowers
What are Mosses and Ferns
two seperate groups that reproduce sexually with spores
What is the male gametes in a plant?
Gametes
Where does fertilisation occur in a plant
internally in the ovary
Define Cross pollination
When pollen from another plant lands on the stigma of a plant
Whats an advantage for cross pollination
greater genetic diversity
Define self pollination
If the pollen from the same plant lands on the stigma of the same plant
What happens when the ovary is fertilised
The ovary then grows into a fruit
Where is male gametes formed in a human?
In the testes
What is the role of the penis in sexual reproduction
To excrete sperm into the vagina in order for fertilisation to occur
Label the male and female gametes
male - Sperm
Female - Ovum
Where is the pituitary gland located
in the brain
What is the role of the hypothalamus
Controls the release of other hormones from the pituitary gland
What are the three main groups of reproductive hormones
- Androgens
- Oestrogens
- Progestogens
how long does a menstrual cycle last
28 days
What are the two groups of hormones that control the menstrual cycle
- Pituitary hormones
2. Ovarian hormones
What are the two hormones in the pituitary hormone group
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
What are the two hormones in the ovarian hormone group
- oestrogen
- Progesterone
Where are all the hormones produced
- FSH and LH produced in the pituitary gland
- Estrogen and Progestrone produced in Ovaries
What does progesterone do
facilitates the thickening of the the uterine lining
What does Oestrogen do
inhibits production of Luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone hence preventing release of more eggs
What is the role of the hCH hormone
Promoting maintenance of the corpus luteum
When does the placenta take over hormonal role
around 12 weeks
