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BIOM1051 > Module 4 -Support and Movement > Flashcards

Module 4 -Support and Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three types of muscles. Where are they found and which ones are striated?

A
  1. Smooth muscle
    - found in the gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels, eyes, etc
    - non-striated
  2. Skeletal muscle
    - everywhere
    - striated, parallel
  3. Cardiac muscle
    - only found in the heart
    - striated, non-parallel
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2
Q

What are the 4 features that all muscles have?

A

Contractility - ability to shorten and thicken, producing force
Excitability - responds to stimuli
Extensibility - ability to be stretched without damaged
Elasticity - ability to store energy and recoil to resting length

CEEE?
Xcxl

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3
Q

What are the three proteins in a sarcomere? Do they anchor to the M or Z line?

A

Myosin - anchors to M
Action - anchors to Z line
Titin - anchors to myosin and the z line

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4
Q

Name the thick and thin filaments in a sarcomere.

A 
Thick = myosin 
Thin = actin
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5
Q

Explain actin and myosin crossbridging.

A

Myosin heads attach to the actin binding sites. The myosin then pulls the muscle across, shortening the muscle and producing force.

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6
Q

How does actin / myosin crossbridging begin. Discuss: tropomyosin, troponin and calcium

A

Tropomyosin wraps around actin and blocks the myosin binding sites. Another protein, troponin, is attached to tropomyosin.
When the AP reaches the neuromuscular junction, calcium ions are released from the sacroplasmic reticulum. These ions bind to troponin , changing the shape of tropomyosin and revealing the myosin binding sites.

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7
Q

What role does ATP play in actin/ myosin crossbridging?

A

ATP binds(?) to myosin and extends its head so that it can reach the actin

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8
Q

How does crossbridging end and the muscle relax?

A

It ends when calcium and ATP are no longer available

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9
Q

What factors influence force production of a muscle?

A
  • muscle architecture
  • sarcomere length
  • single motor unit
  • contraction type
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10
Q

What value is the greatest predictor of force? And how is it calculated?

A

Physiological cross sectional area (PCSA)
= muscle volume / fibre length

Muscle volume is determined using an ultra sound.
An uneven amount of force / imbalance of forces acting on a joint could cause pain. (E.g. knee pain)

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11
Q

Describe the 3 components of the parallel elastic component (connective tissue).

A

Endomysium (within) - surrounds each muscle fibre

Perimysium (surrounding) - groups muscle fibres into fascicles

Epimysium (above) - tissue that surrounds skeletal muscle

Endo - peri - epi

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12
Q

What is the series elastic component of a muscle?

A

Titin and tendon

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13
Q

How do single motor units affect the amount of force that can be produced?

A

The more units engaged in an action potential,

more muscle fibres are activated. Therefore, more motor units engaged = more force

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14
Q

Describe the difference between slow twitch and fast twitch fibres.

A 
Slow
Oxidative (uses oxygen for energy) 
Low forces 
Fatigue resistant 
Contains many mitochondria and myoglobin.

Fast
Powered by glycolysis
Can generate more force
Fatigue quickly

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15
Q

What are the 3 different types of fibres? Describe, and give an example of Hennemans size principle.

A

Type 1 = slow, oxidative, low force, fatigue resistant
Type 2A = fast, oxidative, medium force, will fatigue
Type 2B = fast, glycolic, high force, quickly fatigue

Henneman’s size principle = smaller units are recruited first. From type 1 -2A-2B
For example, normal breathing, faster breathing, cough

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16
Q

What are the types of dynamic and static contractions?

A

Dynamic
Concentric - shortening of muscle fibres
Eccentric - lengthening “

Static
Isometric - resting length

Force increase=
Eccentric > isometric > concentric

17
Q

Name the 3 purposes of the skeleton

A

Support
Movement
Protection

18
Q

There are 206 bones in the skeleton. How many in the appendicular vs axial skeletons?

A 
Axial = 80 
Appendicular = 126
19
Q 
The four planes the skeleton can be divided into are:
Sagittal 
Parasagittal 
Transverse 
Coronal 
Where does each plane lie?
A

Sagittal = left vs right
Parasagittal =parallel to sagittal plane
Transverse = top and tail
Coronal = divides into front and back (posterior and anterior) (face vs back of head)

20
Q

How would you describe extension vs flexion movements?

A

Extension = increasing joint angle
E.g. leaning head back
Flexion = decreasing joint angle
E.g. making a fist

21
Q

Which joint is the only exception to the flexion/extension movements?

A

The ankles
Plantarflexion = pointing toes (accelerator)
Dorisflexion = lifting foot up. Opposite of ^

22
Q

What is the difference between adduction and abduction movements?

A 
Adduction = towards the body 
Abduction = away
23
Q

Describe the difference between pronation and supination movements, as well as lateral and medial.

A 
Pronation = palm facing down 
Supination = palm up (like holding soup)

Lateral = external rotation
Medial = internal rotation
E.g. arm

24
Q

There are 3 difference types of joints. Describe each one and rank them in order of which produces the greatest range of movement.

A
  1. Fibrous. Contains fibrous connective tissue. The length of the tissue determines how much movement the joint allows.
    E.g. skull
  2. Cartilaginous. Contains cartilage and cushions forces.
    More movement. Cartilage is smooth and shiny, reducing friction.
    E.g. vertebral discs
  3. Synovial. Joints that have a space (synovial cavity) filled with fluid between adjoining bones.
25
Q

Describe the 3 synovial joint types and give 2 examples for each.

A
  1. Ball and socket
    Shoulder. Hip.
  2. Hinge.
    Knee. Elbow.
  3. Pivot
    Wrist - allows supination / pronation movement
26
Q

What is an antagonist muscle pair? Example?

A

Pairs of muscles where when one muscle contracts, the other relaxes.
E.g. Bicep and tricep

27
Q

4 shapes of bone?

A 
- Long 
Femur 
- short 
Fingers 
- flat 
Sternum 
- irregular 
Pelvis, vertebrae
28
Q

NAME the 4 types of bone cells.

A

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

Osteocytes

Osteogenic

29
Q

Describe the function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

A

Clasts- important for maintenance and repair
Absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing.

Blasts - builds new bone

30
Q

Describe osteocytes and osteogenic cells

A

Cytes- maintains bone matrix and holds it together
Used for supply of nutrients and removal of waste

Genic- the only bone cells that divide. Turn into osteoblasts. Like stem cells.

31
Q

There are two types of bone. Trabecular and compact. What is the difference? What does each one store?

A

Trabecular = spongy bone
Produces bone marrow and red blood cells
Forms along lines of stress - has a large surface area

Compact bone
Dense, hard and highly organised
Stores calcium

BIOM1051 (4 decks)

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