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RTE2385 Rad Bio > Module 4: Stochastic (late) effects of radiation > Flashcards

Module 4: Stochastic (late) effects of radiation Flashcards

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1
Q

radiation protection guidelines are based on:

A

stochastic effects

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2
Q

radiation damage depend on:

A

age of cell
size of exposed area
quality of radiation

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3
Q

the primary concern of exposure to the gonads by ionizing radiation is:

A

genetic mutations

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4
Q

define carcinogenic:

A

ability to cause cancer

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5
Q

when should gonadal shielding be used?

A

according to hospital protocol

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6
Q

the most radiosensitive part of the eye:

A

lens

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7
Q

stochastic effects are also known as _______ effects

A

late

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8
Q

the best possible epidemiological study on the stochastic effects (of very low dose radiation) a population of __________ of people would required

A

millions

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9
Q

a study of an irradiated population which showed a relative risk factor equal to or less than 1.0

A

no risk

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10
Q

life-span shortening, malignant neoplasms and blood deficiencies are all considered:

A

late/stochastic effects

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11
Q

our information on the genetic effects of radiation has mostly come from studies conducted on:

A

mice and fruit flies (animal studies)

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12
Q

in general, cancers have a latent period of about:

A

25 years

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13
Q

dose that if given to every member of a population will be expected to produce the same genetic injury to the population as does the actual dose received by the irradiated individual defines:

A

Genetically Significant Dose

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14
Q

what are the effects of radiation dose levels of carcinogenesis?

A

the amount of radiation does does not effect severity of resulting cancer

any dose of radiation increases the probability of cancer

higher the rad. dose, the greater the chance of cancer

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15
Q

a recessive gene will be expressed only if:

A

it’s matched w/ another recessive gene

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16
Q

women employed as radium watch dial painters later showed excess risk for mostly ________ cancer

A

bone

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17
Q

most point mutations occur due to __________ hit due to ________________

A

indirect; radiolysis of water

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18
Q

describe groups of people that have been studied to determine the effects of radiation exposure:

A

range of doses during med. procedures

high radiation doses

workplace levels of radiation

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19
Q

give 3 examples of carcinogens:

A

chemicals
radiation
biological (viruses)

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20
Q

describe the outcome of H.J. Muller’s study of genetic mutations involving irradiated fruit flies:

A

does not create a new form of mutation

does not change quality of mutation

radiation increases the frequency of mutations as dose increases

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21
Q

in general, dominant gene mutations express:

A

the following generation

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22
Q

the threshold dose for cataract formation is ______ of acute exposure to the eyes

A

2 Gy

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23
Q

one reason why it’s difficult to link cancer to a radiation exposure is because cancer already occurs at a _______ rate in the general population

A

high

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24
Q

different types of mutations have different _______________

A

radiosensitivity’s

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25
Q

radiation-induced leukemia has a latent period of ________

A

5-7 years

26
Q

radiation-induced mutations in somatic cells are a concern to:

A

somatic cells of exposed individual

27
Q

the radiation dose-response relationship of most cancers is:

A

linear, nonthreshold

28
Q

ankylosing spondylitis pts treated w/ radiation showed an increased incidence of ____________

A

leukemia

29
Q

radium is similar to ___________ because it is “bone seeking”

A

calcium

30
Q

a major difference between Muller’s fruit fly study and the mega mouse study was:

A

dose rate effect does exist

31
Q

children treated with radiation to shrink their thymus gland later showed an excess risk for __________ cancer

A

thyroid

32
Q

based on research radiation-induced genetic mutations resulting from low doses of ionizing radiation is ___________

A

very rare

33
Q

the spread of cancer from its area of origin to another area in the body is known as:

A

metastasis

34
Q

the deletion or loss of a base pair in a strand of DNA is known as:

A

point mutation

35
Q

radiation-induced genetic mutations are most often considered to be ____________

A

recessive

36
Q

describe the formula for relative risk:

A

observed cases/expected cases

37
Q

in the general public __________ is the primary cause of lung cancer in the U.S. and _______ is the secondary cause.

A

smoking; radon

38
Q

define carcinoma. include where it originates

A

cancer that develops in epithelial tissue

39
Q

the primary contributors to cancer are:

A

activation of oncogenes
loss of suppressor genes

40
Q

list 3 possible causes of cancer

A

radiation
chemical
environment

41
Q

risk assessments are used to predict possible effects of low dose radiation because research on low-dose radiation is:

A

limited to a few studies of human population

42
Q

relative risk is a helpful tool for researchers when:

A

no precise knowledge of received dose is available

43
Q

define carcinoma. make sure to identify origins

A

cancers developed from bone, cartilage, and muscle

44
Q

____________ is both a relatively rare cancer but also the most common cancer in children

A

leukemia

45
Q

are sarcomas rare or common?

they make up ______ of all cancers

A

rare

1%

46
Q

rates and types of cancers differ depending on geographic regions of the world due to:

A

difference in exposure to carcinomas

environmental differences

diet

47
Q

define epidemiological study:

A

study of diseases in population and how to control them

48
Q

local tissue effects of low-dose radiation include:

A

life-span shortening
cataracts

49
Q

the ACR recommends an annual mammography screening beginning at age ____ and people considered high risk as early as age ____

A

40

30

50
Q

during a fluoro exam it is best to position the pt so they are facing ____________ the x-ray tube

A

away from

51
Q

identify who genetic effects from low-dose radiation exposure could affect

A

children and grandchildren of exposed individual

52
Q

the most common type of cancer, making up about 85% of all cancers are:

A

carcinomas

53
Q

in theory, _________cells are at risk from all levels of radiation. (_____ and _______)

A

germ; egg and sperm

54
Q

the NCRP recommends a dose level of _____ Sv/yr for radiology workers

A

0.5

55
Q

__________ is both a stochastic effect and deterministic effect of radiation exposure

A

cataracts

56
Q

define reciprocal translocation.

A

no genetic info lost but rearrangement of genes in incorrect order

57
Q

_________________ can cause cancer via means of altering genes that control cell growth, division, and death, or by damaging DNA repair genes and is more likely to cause cancer than reciprocal translocation or gene amplification

A

point mutations

58
Q

________ effects may not be evident for several generations

A

genetic

59
Q

a relative risk of 1.5 would indicate an increased risk of ______

A

50%

60
Q

most damage to a DNA molecule would result from _________________ of a molecule

A

complete scission

61
Q

ovaries are most sensitive during _____________ and _____________

A

fetal growth; early childhood

RTE2385 Rad Bio (1 decks)

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