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Organic Chemistry Lab > Module 4: SOLUBILITY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS > Flashcards

Module 4: SOLUBILITY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Flashcards

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1
Q
  • a physicochemical property that refers to the ability of a given “solute” to be “dissolved” in a given amount of “solvent”
A

Solubility

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2
Q

property of solute to dissolve in a solvent

A

Solubility

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2
Q

a substance dissolved to create a solution

A

solute

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2
Q

dissolving medium

A

solvent

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3
Q

a solution that contains “less amount of solute” than the solvent

A

unsaturated solution

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3
Q

liquid mixture composed of the solute uniformly dissolved in the solvent

A

solution

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3
Q

the process of dissolvin

A

dissolution

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4
Q

a solution that contains “more amount of solute” than the solvent

A

supersaturated solution

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4
Q

a solution with the “maximum amount of solute” dissolved in the given solvent

A

saturated solution

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5
Q

certain substances exhibit “solubility property” wherein they “mix in all proportions”, forming a homogenous mixture, this property is termed as

A

miscibility

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5
Q

predicting solubility is important:

A
  • in “purifying or isolating” a compound
  • when “extracting a molecule” from its natural source
  • when “designing a pharmaceutical product” which needs to be soluble enough to elicit its desired effect
  • when performing “synthesis reactions” especially in the formulation of organic drugs
  • the “partitioning of drug molecules” within the body between the blood and various tissues are governed by the solubility concept
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6
Q

predicting solubility is important:

A
  • “purifying or isolating”
  • “extracting a molecule”
  • “designing a pharmaceutical product”
  • “synthesis reactions”
  • “partitioning of drug molecules”
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6
Q

the solubility is controlled by the energy balance of intermolecular forces of attraction between which molecules?

A
  1. solute-solute
  2. solute-solvent
  3. solvent-solvent
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6
Q

IFA means

A

intermolecular forces of attraction

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7
Q

pertains to the polarity of compounds

A

the rule of “like dissolves like”

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7
Q

Van der Waals dispersion forces

A

non-polar molecules

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7
Q

polar molecules

A

dipole-dipole interaction (or hydrogen bonding under certain circumstances)

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7
Q

dipole-dipole interaction (or hydrogen bonding under certain circumstances)

A

polar molecules

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7
Q

non-polar molecules

A

Van der Waals dispersion forces

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8
Q

depends on the “polarities of the
individual bonds” and the “shape of the molecule”

A

Polarity

! * evaluating these factors are quite complicated because of the “complexities of the molecules”themselves

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8
Q

All hydrocarbons are _____________

A

non-polar

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8
Q

Compounds with electronegative element (O and N) are generally
___________, but the degree of polarity varies from slightly polar to highly polar.

A

polar

9
Q

The presence of __________ does not alter the polarity of the compound; therefore, these compounds are only slightly polar

A

halogen

9
Q

Adding more “carbon” to the
chain makes the compound more
___________

A

non-polar

10
Q

this bonding makes it possible for the solute to be dissolved in the solvent

A

Hydrogen bonding

11
Q
  • this phenomenon is also applicable to organic compounds that can exist as ions - converting the organic molecule to its salt form by ________________ (acid-base reaction)
A

neutralization reaction (acid-base reaction)

12
Q

Solubility
= aspirin

A

+5% NaOH - S
+5% NaHCO3 - S

12
Q

Solubility
= chloroform

A

conc. H2SO4 - INS

12
Q

Solubility
= acetaminophen

A

+5% NaOH - S
+5% NaHCO3 - INS

13
Q

Solubility
= n-propanol

A

H2O - S
pH test - 5-8 (neutral)

13
Q

Solubility
= sulfadiazine

A

+5% NaOH - S
+5% NaHCO3 - INS

13
Q

Solubility
= salicylic acid

A

+5% NaOH - S
+5% NaHCO3 - S

13
Q

Solubility
= aniline

A

5% HCl - S

13
Q

SOLUBILILTY CLASSIFICATION
= acetaminophen

A

HMW weakly acidic

13
Q

SOLUBILILTY CLASSIFICATION
= aspirin

A

HMW strongly acidic

14
Q

SOLUBILILTY CLASSIFICATION
= chloroform

A

HMW neutral (does not contain N or O)

14
Q

SOLUBILILTY CLASSIFICATION
= n-propanol

A

LMW neutral

14
Q

Solubility
= phenol

A

+5% NaOH - S
+5% NaHCO3 - INS

14
Q

SOLUBILILTY CLASSIFICATION
= sulfadiazine

A

HMW weakly acidic

14
Q

SOLUBILILTY CLASSIFICATION
= salicylic acid

A

HMW strongly acidic

14
Q

SOLUBILILTY CLASSIFICATION
= aniline

A

HMW basic

15
Q

SOLUBILILTY CLASSIFICATION
= phenol

A

HMW weakly acidic

16
Q

pH > 8

A

LMW basic
(i.e. amines)

17
Q

pH 5 – 8

A

LMW neutral
(i.e. contains N or O)

18
Q

pH < 5

A

LMW acidic
(i.e. carboxylic acids)

19
Q

soluble in 5% HCl

A

HMW basic
(i.e. amines)

20
Q

soluble in 5% NaHCO3

A

HMW strongly acidic
(i.e. carboxylic acids)

21
Q

insoluble in 5% NaHCO3

A

HMW weakly acidic
(i.e. phenols)

22
Q

soluble in H2SO4

A

HMW neutral
(i.e. contains N or O)

23
Q

insoluble in H2SO4

A

HMW neutral
(i.e. does not contain N or O)

24
Q

soluble in H2O –> pH test
insoluble in H2O –>??

A

5% HCl test

25
Q

insoluble in 5% HCl?

A

5% NaOH test

26
Q

5% NaOH test
soluble = 5% NaHCO3
insoluble = ??

A

H2SO4 test

Organic Chemistry Lab (6 decks)

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