Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology 216 > Module 4: Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Module 4: Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is intracellular fluid?

A

The fluid within cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is extracellular fluid?

A

The fluid surrounding cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T/F
Interstitial fluid is a kind of ICF

A

False
It’s a kind of extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What barriers are between the plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

Blood vessel walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do the composition of plasma and interstitial fluid differ?

A

Plasma contains plasma proteins, but interstitial fluid does not. Other than that they are pretty much identical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What barrier(s) are between the intracellular fluid and the ECF?

A

The plasma membrane of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Is K+ concentration greater in the ICF or ECF?

A

In the ICF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Is Na+ concentration greater in the ICF or ECF?

A

In the ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe why ECF volume is tightly regulated

A

To maintain blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe why ECF osmolarity is closely regulated

A

To prevent swelling or shrinking of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the affect of plasma volume and blood pressure if ECF volume increases

A

Both plasma volume and blood pressure will. increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are two short-term control factors of ECF volume?

A

The baroreceptor reflex
Fluid shifts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are baroreceptors located? What kind of receptor are they?

A

They are mechanoreceptors located in the carotid artery and the aortic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe how baroreceptors return blood pressure back to normal from being too low

A

If BP falls too low, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance increases to raise BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do fluid shifts return blood pressure back to normal from being too high

A

If there is increased plasma volume, a shift occurs from the plasma into the interstitial compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is blood pressure regulated in the long-term?

A

Via the kidneys through control of urine output and thirst mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T/F
To maintain salt balance, salt input must be equal to salt output

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is salt input regulated?

A

Through diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the three ways salt can be eliminated?

A

Feces, sweat, the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The concentration of a particular solute in solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe a high osmolarity solution

A

There is more solute and less water in the solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe a low osmolarity solution

A

There is less solute and more water in solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

If there is a decrease in water in the ECF, describe the osmolarity of the ECF

A

Hypertonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is hypotonicity?

A

When there is excess water in the ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the three major causes of hypotonicity?

A

Renal failure
Rapid water ingestion
Oversecretion of vasopressin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is vasopressin’s role in water retention

A

It promotes water reternion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe the 3 major causes of hypertonicity

A

Insufficient water intake
Diabete insipdus
Excessive water loss due to heavy sweating, vomiting, or diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe an isotonic fluid

A

A fluid with equal osmolarity to that of normal body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

If there is a loss of isotonic fluid, what would happen to the ICF volume

A

Nothing, bc there is no imbalance still in salt vs. water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe the pathway via the hypothalamus which would occur if there was an increase in osmolarity

A

Hypothalamic osmotic receptors would notice the change
They would increase vasopressin secretion and the thirst response
This would increase water intake, as well as water reabsorption and decrease osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

T/F
The kidneys are controlled by neural inputs

A

False
They are controlled by both neural AND endocrine inputs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

List the 10 major functions of the kidney (or at least try to get 5)

A
  1. Maintain water balance in the body
  2. Maintain body fluid osmolarity
  3. Maintain proper plasma volume
  4. Help maintain acid-base balance
  5. Regulate ECF solutes
  6. Excrete wastes of metabolism
  7. Excrete foreign compounds ingested
  8. Produce erythropoietin
  9. Produce renin
  10. Activate vitamin D
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

In what anatomical location does the urine empty and is channeled to the ureter?

A

The renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the outside layer of the kidney called

A

the renal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the inside layer of the kidney called?

A

The renal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the functional unit of a kidney?

A

The nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the general function of the vascular component of the nephron?

A

To supply blood to the nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the general function of the tubular component of the nephron?

A

To carry filtrate throughout the nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the structures associated with the vascular component of the nephron?

A

The glomerulus
The renal artery
The afferent arterioles
The efferent arterioles
The peritubular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the function of the glomerulus?

A

To filter water and solutes from the plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where does blood enter the kidneys?

A

Through the renal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

T/F
The efferent arterioles are subdivisions of the renal artery and each supply a nephron

A

False!
The afferent arterioles do that

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the function of the efferent arterioeles?

A

To transport unfiltered blood from the glomerulus out of the nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the peritubular capillaries?

A

Subdivisons of the efferent arterioles that deliver oxygen to the renal tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Describe the structures contributing to the tubular component of the nephron

A

Bowman’s capsule
Proximal tubule
Loop of Henle
Juxtaglomular apparatus
Distal tubule
Collecting duct
Renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Describe the function of Bowman’s capsule

A

Collects the fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the two types of nephrons? Which is most common?

A

Cortical nephrons - most common
Juxtamedullary nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Describe cortical nephrons

A

The glomeri lie in the outer layer of the cortex
Primarily serve secretory and regulatory functions
Loop of Henle only slightly dips into the renal medulla
The peritubular capillaries wrap around the short loops of henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Describe juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Found in the inner layer of the cortex
Responsible for the concentration and dilution of urine
The peritubular capillares form hairpin loops of vasculatura, called the vasa recta, that are in close proximity to the long loop of henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Describe in order the flow of blood through the nephron

A

Renal artery
Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular capillaries
Renal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Describe in order the flow of solutes through the nephron

A

Bowman’s capsule
Proximal tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal tubule
Collecting duct
Renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Describe glomerular filtration

A

Filtration of blood through the glomerular capillaries through into Bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Describe tubular reabsorption

A

The process of returning substances in the filtrate to the peritubular capillaries

54
Q

Describe tubular secretion

A

Allows substances to enter the tubules from the peritubular capillaries

55
Q

T/F
Only 20% of blood that is in the glomerular capillaries is not filtered into Bowman’s capsule

A

True!

56
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

A

The rate at which blood is filtered through all of the glomeruli

57
Q

Name the three layers that make up the glomerular membrane

A

The glomerular capillary wall
The basement membrane
The inner layer of Bowman’s capsule

58
Q

Describe the structure of the glomerular capillary wall

A

Consists of a single layer of endothelial cells
Contains large pores that some proteins can pass through, ex. albumin

59
Q

Describe the structure of the basement membrane

A

Composed of collagen to provide structural strength and glycoproteins to discourage the filtration of plasma proteins

60
Q

Describe the structure of the inner layer of Bowman’s capsule

A

Composed of podocytes, which form narrow filtration slits allowing fluid to pass into Bowman’s capsule

61
Q

What is glomerular capillary blood pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by the blood in the glomerular capillaries

62
Q

What is the average glomerular capillary pressure? Why is it so high?

A

55mmHg
Due to the afferent arteriole diameter being larger than the efferent arterioles; also prevents glomerular capillary pressure from decreasing along its length

63
Q

What is plasma-colloid oncotic pressure?

A

The presence of large proteins in the plasma that cannot be filtered, which produces an oncotic force that resists movement of water into Bowman’s capsule

64
Q

What is the mmHg of plasma-colloid oncotic pressure?

A

30mmHg

65
Q

What is Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure?

A

The pressure of fluid in Bowman’s capsule
It resists the movement of water out of the glomerular capillaries

66
Q

What is the mmHg of Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure?

A

15mmHg

67
Q

Describe the net filtration pressure equation

A

The glomerular capillary BP - (plasma-colloid oncotic pressure + Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure)

68
Q

Describe the equation for the glomerular filtration rate

A

GFR = (filtration coefficient) (Filtration pressure)

69
Q

What makes up the filtration coefficient (kf)

A

The glomerular surface area and membrane permeability

70
Q

If the afferent arterioles are constricted, what would happen to glomerular capillary blood pressure?

A

It would decrease

71
Q

What are the two autoregulation mechanisms to prevent swings in GFR

A

Myogenic activity and tubuloglomerular feedback (TFG)

72
Q

Describe myogenic activity

A

When there is increased/decreased pressure that stretches afferent arteriole walls, there is automatic restriction/dilation to reduce/increase blood flow to the glomerular capillaries to prevent increases/decreases

73
Q

What are the macula densa?

A

Specialized tubular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus that can sense changes in tubular fluid salt levels

74
Q

Describe tubuloglomerular feedback

A

The macula densa releases ATP, which degrades into adenosine, which acts on the afferent arterioles to cause constriction and reduce GFR. or opposite

75
Q

Describe how the sympathetic system would act to save GFR in case of sudden loss of blood volume and arterial pressure

A

The baroreceptors would sense the decrease, which would increase sympathetic activity
This would lead to restricting afferent arterioles, which would decrease GFR and urine volume
This increased conservation of fluid and salt would increase arterial blood pressure

76
Q

T/F
The glomerular filtrate that enters the tubules is identical to plasma

A

False
The filtrate is absent of plasma proteins

77
Q

T/F
There is no selectivity to glomerular filtration

A

True

78
Q

Briefly describe tubular reabsorption

A

Processes by which water and needed solutes are returned to the plasma

79
Q

T/F
Tubular reabsorption is highly selective

A

True

80
Q

Describe the luminal membrane

A

The area in which epithelial cells of the tubule are in contact with the tubule lumen

81
Q

What is the area that the epithelial cells are in contact with the interstitial fluid called?

A

The basolateral membrane

82
Q

What is transepithelial transport

A

The movement of solutes across an epithelial cell layer

83
Q

T/F
In the kidneys, substances can cross from epithelial cell to epithelial cell

A

False
They have to exit the cell, enter the interstitial space, then enter the desired cell

84
Q

List the 5 steps of transepithelial transport

A

1) The substance crosses the luminal membrane
2) The substance passes through the cytosol
3) The substance crosses the basolateral membrane
4) Substance diffuses through the interstitial fluid
5) Substance crosses capillary wall to enter the plasma

85
Q

In what locations is sodium reabsorbed?

A

The proximal tubule
The ascending limb of the loop of henle
The distal and collecting tubules

86
Q

In what location does the most sodium reabsorption occur?

A

The proximal tubule

87
Q

T/F
The reabsorption of sodium is both active and passive

A

True

88
Q

T/F
Sodium moves across the luminal membrane passively, but moves across the basolateral membrane by active transport

A

True

89
Q

How does Na+ cross in the proximal tubule?

A

Via a cotransport carrier that moves with organic nutrients

90
Q

How does Na+ cross in the collecting duct?

A

Passively through an Na+ channel

91
Q

How is the reabsorption of Na+ regulated in the distal tubule?

A

Via hormonal control

92
Q

What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

A

A hormonal system involved in the regulation of sodium

93
Q

What are three triggers for renin secretion?

A

1) When the granular cells detect a drop in blood pressure
2) When sympathetic activity increases
3) When there is a decrease in luminal Na+, the macula densa cells will trigger granular cells

94
Q

What is the function of granular cells? Where are they located?

A

They secrete renin and are located within the juxtaglomerular apparatus

95
Q

Describe the secretion of aldosterone

A

Renin converts agiotensinogen into angiotensin I, which when passes through the lungs, is converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme. Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

96
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

It causes an increase in sodium reabsorption in the distal and collecting tubules

97
Q

What is atrial natriuretic peptide?

A

A hormone that reduces Na+ secretion and blood pressure

98
Q

What are the three main actions of ANP?

A

Inhibits Na+ reabsorption in the distal tubules
Inhibits renin and aldosterone secretion
Dilates the afferent arterioles to increase GFR

99
Q

What is the Tubular/transport maximum (Tm)

A

The maximum amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed

100
Q

What is the renal threshold?

A

The plasma concentration at which the Tm is exceeded

101
Q

T/F
The reabsorption of phosphate and calcium is under hormonal control

A

True

102
Q

What hormone can alter the renal thresholds for phosphate and calcium for the body’s needs

A

The parathyroid hormone

103
Q

Describe how the body compensates for a fall in plasma phosphate concentration via the PTH path

A

An increase of calcium occurs, which activates the parathyroid glands to decrease PTH secretion, which increases phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys, ultimately increasing plasma phosphate concentration

104
Q

Describe how the body compensates for a fall in plasma phosphate concentration via the Vitamin D pathway

A

A fall in phosphate activates the kidneys to activate vitamin D, which promotes phosphate reabsorption in the intestine, ultimately increasing plasma phosphate concentration

105
Q

The amount of chloride reabsorbed is dependent by the amount of ____ reabsorbed?

A

sodium

106
Q

T/F
All urea product is excreted in the urine

A

False
A large amount of urea is reabsorbed

107
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

The movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubule lumen

108
Q

Name some of the substances that undergo tubular secretion

A

Hydrogen ions, potassium ions, organic anions and cations

109
Q

In what locations is hydrogen ion secreted?

A

In the proximal, distal, and collecting tubules

110
Q

T/F
Potassium is actively filtered at the glomerulus but passively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

A

False
It is passively filtered at the glomerulus, but actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

111
Q

What happens to sodium when there is a rise in plasma potassium?

A

If there is a rise in K+, aldosterone is released, which will increase Na+ reabsorption

112
Q

What is plasma clearance?

A

The volume of plasma cleared of that substance by the kidneys per minute

113
Q

T/F
Plasma clearance rate is the same for every substance

A

False
It is different for different substances, and depends on how the kidneys handle each substance

114
Q

Provide an example for a substance that is filtered but not reabsorbed. What is its plasma clearance?

A

Inulin
Plasma clearance: 125 bc the volume cleared per minute equals the volume filtered per minute
p.s. its plasma clearance is used to estimate GFR

115
Q

Provide an example for a substance that is filtered and reabsorbed. What is its plasma clearance?

A

Glucose
Urea
Plasma clearance is 0, and 62.5, respectively bc all glucose is reabsorbed, but only about half of urea is reabsorbed

116
Q

Provide an example of a substance that is filtered and secreted, but not reabsorbed

A

H+
It’s plasma clearance is 150, because the plasma filtration rate is greater than GFR

117
Q

The ability to concentrate urine occurs because there is _____?

A

a vertical osmotic gradient in the interstitial fluid in the medulla

118
Q

LOok into medually vertical osmotic gradient in ur notes

A

also, mechanism of countercurrent multiplication

119
Q

What is the purpose of countercurrent multiplication?

A

To establish a vertical osmotic gradient, allowing the collecting ducts to form more concentrated/diluted urine

120
Q

Look at vasopressin controlled water reabsorption

A

and countercurrent exchange

121
Q

What is the vasa recta

A

The blood supply to the renal medulla

122
Q

How does the vasa recta support the countercurrent multiplier mechanism

A
  • Closely related to the loop of henle
  • Highly permeable to NaCl and H2O
  • Travels through the medulla
123
Q

Describe osmotic diuresis

A

Increased excretion of water and solute

124
Q

Describe water diuresis

A

The increased excretion of water when there is little or no change in the excretion of solutes

125
Q

Describe the structure of the bladder

A

Composed of smooth muscle with a transitional epithelial lining, which allows it to be able to expand

126
Q

T/F
The bladder is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system AND its stimulation causes bladder contraction

A

True

127
Q

Describe the internal urethral sphincter

A

Under involuntary control
Not a true sphincter
When the bladder is relaxed, the internal urethral sphincter closes the outlet to the urethra

128
Q

Describe the external urethral sphincter

A

Encircles the urethra
Supported by the pelvic diaphragm
Kept close by a constant firing of motor neurons
Made of skeletal muscle
Under voluntary control

129
Q

What is micturition?

A

Urinating

130
Q

Describe the micturition reflex

A

The stretch on the bladder activating afferent fibres to the spinal cord, where interneurons activate the parasympathetic system to stimulate bladder contraction and relaxation of the external sphincter

Physiology 216 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions