Module 4 - Lifespan Flashcards
Full-term pregnancy time
39w - 40w 6d
Early term pregnancy time
37w - 38w6d
late term pregnancy
41w - 41w6d
postterm pregnancy
42w and beyond
preterm pragnancy
less than 37w
what does HCG stand for (pregnancy)
Human chorionic gonadotropin
what hormone is detected in the pee test?
HCG
which 3 hormones are involved in the endocrine system (and what order?)
HCG spikes first, Estrogen and Progesterone increase mostly linearly, estrogen slightly more than progesterone
What is the role of estrogen increasing during pregnancy and where is it produced?
Produced by the placenta
For growth of the uterus, placenta and fetus growth (vascularization/nutrients)
where is progesterone produced and what is its function during pregnancy?
produced by the corpus luteum and (later) by the placenta
involved in tissue relaxation of ligaments and joints
effect of pregnancy on gastrointestinal system
upward displacement of the stomach as the uterus grows
increase in the intra-gastric pressure (predispose to reflux, nausea and vomiting)
incr progesterone results in smooth muscle relaxation (decrease gut motility - lead to constipation)
modification of the gut microbiota
why is smooth muscle relaxation as a result of incr progesterone good?
although it can cause constipation, the slower the gut motility, the more nutrients extracted for the fetus and mum
3 factors of weight gain (during pregnancy) and their distributions and why
62% fluid (for growing fetus and placenta)
30% fat (producing breastmilk)
8% protein (naturally more muscle from carrying more weight)
what is preeclampsia?
serious pregnancy complication characterised by high BP and signs of organ damage - result of excessive weight gain
Excessive weight gain in pregnancy can lead to… (list them)
- Large for gestational age (LGA)
- cesarean delivery
- gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)
- preeclampsia
- postpartum weight retention
- offspring obesity
insufficient weight gain during pregnancy can lead to… (list one thing)
small for gestational age (SGA)
What happens to the respiratory system when pregnant? Then what happens with exercise?
Minute ventilation (VE) increase due to an increase in tidal volume. Breathing frequency remains mostly the same. During exercise breathing frequency catches up, things are a lot harder when pregnant.
what is physiological dilutional anemia (in pregnancy)?
When pregnant, blood volume incr by 1.5L. Plasma goes up first, then red blood cells catch up but since plasma keeps incr, can have low red blood cell count in comparison to plasma —> anemia.
what happens to BP during pregnancy? and why?
Decreases, then the same in 3rd trimester.
hormonal changes (incr in progesterone and estrogen), which can cause blood vessels to relax and dilate, and less blood volume
what happens to HR and cardiac output during pregnancy?
Both Increase
SV during pregnancy
incr then plateaus
benefits of light exercise during pregnancy
improve mental health
body comp
incr muscle strength
Improve metabolism
improve circulation
post-partum recovery
example of relative contradiction to aerobic exercise and absolute contradiction during pregnancy
relative - amenia
absolute - severe anemia
negative impact of long term high intensity exercise while pregnant
blood goes more to working muscles than fetus = less nutrients
impact of exercise during pregnancy?
might impact offspring and mode of delivery
what are 4 common causes of preterm birth?
- multiple pregnancies
- infections
- chronic conditions such as diabetes and high BP (pre eclampsia)
- often no cause is identified
preterm impact on lung development?
mostly develops in the last trimester (about 52% of full-term)
preterm impact on heart development?
hole in between the ventricles is common (ventricular septal defect)
list 3 neonatal complications
anemia
hypothermia
hypoglycaemia
how does pre-term impact respiratory and cardiovascular systems
lower parameters in both for preterm kids
heart risk of being preterm?
incr risk of heart failure and conditions, younger you were born, the bigger the risk
vascular changes being preterm
higher arterial pressure, vessels stiffer and harder to vasoconstrict and dilate, receptors don’t respond the same, more likely to develop hypertension
preterm brith 3 organs impacted
heart, lungs, brain
PA guidelines for 3-5yrs
everyday throughout the day, variety of enjoyable PA
PA guidelines for 6-17yrs
1hr + of mod-vig PA daily
on at least 3 days a week;
- vig activity
- activities that strengthen muscles
- activities that strengthen bones
overtraining as a child leads to… and how to avoid?
injuries 400% more likely, especially those younger.
Don’t specialise in a sport until at least the age of 12.
muscle physiology child vs adult
- children have more type I fibres
- lower muscle glycogen stores in children
- greater utilisation of fat stores, lower RER, decr insulin sensitivity during peripubertal period
respiratory function child vs adult
children have a higher respiratory rate and a lower tidal volume
cardiovascular function across age
heart chambers get larger with age, HR decreases, SV increases, Q incr
cardiovascular function child vs adult
- HRmax higher
- SV lower
- Q somewhat lower
- avO2 diff somewhat higher
benefits and risks of resistance training in adolescents
benefit - increased bone content = incr bone strength
risks
- epiophyseal plate injury (can lead to early physeal closure and limb length anomalies)
- soft tissue injuries frequently reported (trunk injuries common in weightlifting)
positive influences for adolescents
- exercise
- everyday activity
- sleep time & quality
- appropriate nutrition
- relaxation techniques
difference between aerobic and explosive when ur old
can perform aerobically longer than explosive
what happens to metabolic rate as we age?
decreases
what is sarcopenia?
age related loss of muscle or lean mass (loss of fiber number and size) approx 3-8% per decade after the age of 30
what is dynapenia?
loss in strength
type I to type II ratio as we age
ratio of type I incr
3 types of body fat
- brown adipose tissue
- lipid deposition in ectopic tissue
- white adipose tissue
what does brown fat do and what happens with age?
generates heat. decr with age, both in size of cell number of cells
where is lipid deposition and what happens with age?
found in ectopic tissue, incr with age
what does white adipose tissue do and what happens with age?
involved in lipid storage and immuno-endocrine responses, with age, incr in cell size and number, small decr after 90.
distribution of fat with age
incr in age —> redistribution with incr visceral fat and reduced subcutaneous fat (prone to cold)
what is osteoporosis? what does it result in and what are its contributors?
systemic skeletal disease characterised by:
- loss of bone mass
resulting in decr bone strength and incr fracture risk
contributed by hormonal changes (estrogen regulates bone metabolism), lack of exercise and muscle loss
osteoclast vs osteoblast and what happens with age
clast = scraped and removed
blast = replacing with new
with age this process is impacted
cardiovascular structure as we age
- incr heart mass
- 35% of myocytes lost between 30-70yrs
- incr volume of remaining myocytes
- stiffer walls
cardiovascular function as we age
- decr Q & SV
- decr maxHR
- incr in arrythmias - loss of cells in the SA node (controls HR) which impact/slow propagation of electric impulse throughout the heart
cardiovascular vessel changes with age (4 structural and 3 functional)
- thickened walls
- endothelial dysfunction
- calcium and plaque build up
- incr inflammation
- incr in vascular stiffness
- reduced elasticity (less compliant)
- reduced vasodilation
why is hypertension (high BP) a health problem in older adults?
stiffer heart vessels leads to incr pressure in the circulatory system
reasons why exercise is harder for older (to do with the heart)
- slower HR response
- altered diastolic filling during exercise
- vasodilation capacity reduced so less peripheral blood flow during PA
- higher BP than young
- more work for the heart and vessels
reasons why exercise is harder for older (to do with lungs)
- stiffness of the chest wall +
- decline of strength in breathing muscles = breathing during exercise requires more energy
what is loss of function independence?
walking with cane etc
what might be responsible for incr CO (cardiac output) in early stages of pregnancy?
incr blood volume incr venous return, incr ventricular filling during diastole, stretching of the ventricular muscle and so an incr strength of contraction. This incr SV (bigger contributer of CO)
what happens during pregnancy for TPR to decrease?
- significant arteriolar vasodilation
- results from incr estrogen and progesterone levels (both incr endothelial cell NO synthesis and release, with resultant smooth muscle relaxation and vessel dilation
why are females shorter than males?
growth of bones occurs at the epiphyseal plates
- when the plates fuse, bone growth stops.
- girls enter puberty first, so their growth spurt is not as great as their epiphyseal plates fuse earlier
