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DEP > Module 4: Infancy > Flashcards

Module 4: Infancy Flashcards

1
Q

What are axons?

A

transfer electrochemical signals to the dendrite of another neuron

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2
Q

What are dendrites?

A

receive electrochemical signals from axons

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3
Q

What is a cortex?

A

the outer layers of the brain; involves thinking, feeling, and sensing

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4
Q

What is a synapses?

A

the space between the axon of one neuron and the dendritie of another neuron

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5
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

brain chemicals that carry information from axons to dendrites

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6
Q

What is transient exuberance?

A

the temporary dramatic growth of dendrites in an infants brain (during first 2 years)

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7
Q

What is pruning?

A

process where neural pathways not used are eliminated

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8
Q

What are the parts of the neuron?

A

sighhh it wont let me add pictures but pls recall :)
01 oligodendrocyte
Cell membrane
Dendrites
0
Cell body (soma)
Axon
Node of Ranvier
Myelin sheath
Synapse

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9
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex?

A

behind forehead, anticipation, planning, and impluse control; last part of the brain to develop

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10
Q

What is the myelin?

A

coating of fatty tissue around axon

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11
Q

What are neurons?

A

nerve cells

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12
Q

What are the overall physical growth patterns during infancy?

A

first few days infants loose 5% of body weight; by 4 months double in weight; by age 2 quadruple; transient exuberance

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13
Q

How does the brain grow during infancy?

A

Head initially makes up 50% of entire lengeth in womb; communication within central nervous system; pruning

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14
Q

What are motor skills?

A

any movement ability

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15
Q

What are reflexes?

A

involuntary movements in response to stimulation; born with

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16
Q

What is cephalocaudal and proximodistal?

A

from head down; from center out

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17
Q

What are gross motor skills?

A

voluntary movement that involve use of large muscle groups

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18
Q

What are fine motor skills?

A

small body movements, ability to grasp an object, hands and fingers

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19
Q

What is sensation?

A

interaction of information with sensory receptors

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20
Q

What is perception?

A

process of interpreting what is sensed

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21
Q

What is cephalocaudal and proximodistal development?

A

growing from head down; center out

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22
Q

What is the last developed sense in newborns?

A

Vision; poor acuity (fine detail) and sensitivity (faint visual stimulus)

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23
Q

What senses are well developed at birth?

A

Taste, smell, touch, hearing

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24
Q

What is developmental trajectory?

A

We go thtough developmental patterns/steps; no certain age but always in different variations

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25
Q

What are the merits of breastfeeding?

A

Provides needed nurtients for infants growth, rapid development; better development of neurologic function and cognitive development

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26
Q

What is the importance of nutrition to early physical growth?

A

To avoid maknutrition, marasmus (starvation die to lack of calories and protein), and kwashiorkor (disease fo displaced child)

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27
Q

What are some sleep concerns for infants?

A

Sudden Unexpected Infatns Deaths (SUID)
Accidental suffocation and strangualtion in bad

28
Q

What is activity dependent development?

A

development of certain connections of brain are dependent on certain activities

29
Q

What is colostrum?

A

First secretion of mammary glands, rich in nutrients and antibodies

30
Q

What is infantile marasmus?

A

Starvation from lack of calories and protein

31
Q

What are each of Piaget’s theories and stages of sensorimotor intellligence?

A

schemas; assimilation and accomodation;
1. Reflexes
2. Primary Circular Reactions
3. Secondary Circular Reactions
4. Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions
5. Tertiary Circular Reactions
6. Mental Representation

32
Q

What are the learning and memory abilities in infants and toddlers?

A

Develop:
reflective action
adaptations
repetition
goal directed behavior
active experimentation
mental representation

33
Q

What is sensorimotor intelligence?

A

Piaget’s term for how infants learn through senses and motor skills

34
Q

What is a schema? What is assimilation and accommodation?

A

framework for organizing information; interpreting information within framework; making changes to information to cope with things that don’t fit in framework

35
Q

Give an example of schema, assimilation and accomodation.

A

The child learns that a dog is a furry animal with 4 legs (schema)
When the child sees a cat, they call it a dog because it is an animal with fur and 4 legs (assimilation)
The child learns what a cat is and that cats are different from dogs (accomodation)

36
Q

What are the primary circular reactions? What are the stages?

A

Infants responses to their own body; reflexive action and first adaptations to the environment (first two stages)

37
Q

What happens during substage one: reflexive action?

A

From birth through 1st month, active learning with automatic movement or reflexes (sucking, grasping, stareing, listening

38
Q

What happens in substage two: first adaptations to the environment?

A

1st through 4th months; discriminate btwn objects and adjust responses as reflexes are replaced with voluntary movements; behavior occurs by chance

39
Q

What are secondary circular reactions?

A

Reactions no longer confined to infants body and are now interactions between the baby and something else

40
Q

What happens in substage three: repetition?

A

4th through 8th months; more actively engaged in outside world; repeated motion

41
Q

What happens in substage four: new adaptations and goal dirscted behavior?

A

8th through 12th months; more deliberate and purposeful in responding to people and objects, can anticipate upcoming events; capable of having thought and carrying out goal; object permanence

42
Q

What is object permanence?

A

The realization that objects or people continue to exist when they are no longer in sight

43
Q

What are the teriary circular reactions?

A

Infants become more creative in their thinking

44
Q

What happens in substage five: active experimentation of “Little Scientists”?

A

12th through 18th months; begins exploring the world through trial and error, using motor skills and planning abilites

45
Q

What happends in substage six: mental representations?

A

18th month to 2 y/o; able to solve probelms using mental strategies; remember something heard and repeat it; engege in pretend play; find objects out of sight

46
Q

What are the stages of language development during infancy?

A

say it bitch

47
Q

How are the theories of language development in toddlers similar or different?

A

One says that infants teach themselves and that language is genetically programmed (nativism) and one says that infants need to be taught language

48
Q

What are phenomes and morphemes?

A

basic unit of given langugae; smallest unit of langauge that coneys some meaning

49
Q

How do newborns communicate?

A

Through intentional vocalizations, abbbling, gesturing, holophrastic speech, underextension

50
Q

What is motherese or parentese?

A

Child directed speech that exaggerates vowels or consonants

51
Q

What is Chomsky’s theory of language development, Nativism?

A

Infants teach themselves and that language learning is genetically progrmed; Language Acquision Device

52
Q

What is Skinners theory for language development, reinforcement?

A

Infants need to be taught language; encouraged by following behavior with attention, praise

53
Q

What is the moral reasoning in infants?

A

Based on avoiding punishment and gaining praise

54
Q

What is emotional development?

A

The attraction to pleasant situations and withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation

55
Q

What does stranger wariness and separation anxiety indicate?

A

That brain development and increased cognitive abilities have taken place

56
Q

What are the components of emotional regulation?

A

Emotions as regulating: childs emotion eliciting change in parent response
Emotions as regulated: self-soothing, distraction

57
Q

What is self-awareness?

A

Realization that ones body, mind, and activites are distance from those other people (15-24 months)

58
Q

How does the Rouge test determine self-awareness?

A

If the infant toughces dot on face, they realize their own existence

59
Q

What are the stages of self-awareness?

A

Differentiation, situation, identification, permanence, self-consciousness or mental-self-awareness

60
Q

What is attachment?

A

long standing connection or bond with others

61
Q

What was the conclusion of the strange situation (Ainsworth)?

A

Concluded the different types of attachemnt between child and mother

62
Q

What is secure attachment (type B)?

A

child feels confident that their needs will be met in a timely and consistent way; the most common and happiest

63
Q

What is insecure resistant/ambivalent attachment?

A

insecutiry and resistance to engaging in activities or play away from caregiver; fears caregiver will abandon them and clings

64
Q

What is insecure avoidant attachment (type A)?

A

tendency to avoid contact with caregiver and others

65
Q

What is disorganized attachment? (type D)

A

most insecure stype of attachment, child given mixed, confused, inapropriate responses

66
Q

What is temperament?

A

an inborn, genetic quality noticeable soon after birth

67
Q

What is the goodness-of-fit model?

A

development is dependent on the degree of match between child temperament and the nature and demands of the environment they’re being raised

DEP (1 decks)

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