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Module 4: Infancy Flashcards

1
Q

What are axons?

A

transfer electrochemical signals to the dendrite of another neuron

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2
Q

What are dendrites?

A

receive electrochemical signals from axons

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3
Q

What is a cortex?

A

the outer layers of the brain; involves thinking, feeling, and sensing

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4
Q

What is a synapses?

A

the space between the axon of one neuron and the dendritie of another neuron

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5
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

brain chemicals that carry information from axons to dendrites

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6
Q

What is transient exuberance?

A

the temporary dramatic growth of dendrites in an infants brain (during first 2 years)

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7
Q

What is pruning?

A

process where neural pathways not used are eliminated

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8
Q

What are the parts of the neuron?

A

sighhh it wont let me add pictures but pls recall :)
01 oligodendrocyte
Cell membrane
Dendrites
0
Cell body (soma)
Axon
Node of Ranvier
Myelin sheath
Synapse

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9
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex?

A

behind forehead, anticipation, planning, and impluse control; last part of the brain to develop

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10
Q

What is the myelin?

A

coating of fatty tissue around axon

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11
Q

What are neurons?

A

nerve cells

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12
Q

What are the overall physical growth patterns during infancy?

A

first few days infants loose 5% of body weight; by 4 months double in weight; by age 2 quadruple; transient exuberance

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13
Q

How does the brain grow during infancy?

A

Head initially makes up 50% of entire lengeth in womb; communication within central nervous system; pruning

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14
Q

What are motor skills?

A

any movement ability

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15
Q

What are reflexes?

A

involuntary movements in response to stimulation; born with

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16
Q

What is cephalocaudal and proximodistal?

A

from head down; from center out

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17
Q

What are gross motor skills?

A

voluntary movement that involve use of large muscle groups

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18
Q

What are fine motor skills?

A

small body movements, ability to grasp an object, hands and fingers

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19
Q

What is sensation?

A

interaction of information with sensory receptors

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20
Q

What is perception?

A

process of interpreting what is sensed

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21
Q

What is cephalocaudal and proximodistal development?

A

growing from head down; center out

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22
Q

What is the last developed sense in newborns?

A

Vision; poor acuity (fine detail) and sensitivity (faint visual stimulus)

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23
Q

What senses are well developed at birth?

A

Taste, smell, touch, hearing

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24
Q

What is developmental trajectory?

A

We go thtough developmental patterns/steps; no certain age but always in different variations

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25
What are the merits of breastfeeding?
Provides needed nurtients for infants growth, rapid development; better development of neurologic function and cognitive development
26
What is the importance of nutrition to early physical growth?
To avoid maknutrition, marasmus (starvation die to lack of calories and protein), and kwashiorkor (disease fo displaced child)
27
What are some sleep concerns for infants?
Sudden Unexpected Infatns Deaths (SUID) Accidental suffocation and strangualtion in bad
28
What is activity dependent development?
development of certain connections of brain are dependent on certain activities
29
What is colostrum?
First secretion of mammary glands, rich in nutrients and antibodies
30
What is infantile marasmus?
Starvation from lack of calories and protein
31
What are each of Piaget's theories and stages of sensorimotor intellligence?
schemas; assimilation and accomodation; 1. Reflexes 2. Primary Circular Reactions 3. Secondary Circular Reactions 4. Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions 5. Tertiary Circular Reactions 6. Mental Representation
32
What are the learning and memory abilities in infants and toddlers?
Develop: reflective action adaptations repetition goal directed behavior active experimentation mental representation
33
What is sensorimotor intelligence?
Piaget's term for how infants learn through senses and motor skills
34
What is a schema? What is assimilation and accommodation?
framework for organizing information; interpreting information within framework; making changes to information to cope with things that don't fit in framework
35
Give an example of schema, assimilation and accomodation.
The child learns that a dog is a furry animal with 4 legs (schema) When the child sees a cat, they call it a dog because it is an animal with fur and 4 legs (assimilation) The child learns what a cat is and that cats are different from dogs (accomodation)
36
What are the primary circular reactions? What are the stages?
Infants responses to their own body; reflexive action and first adaptations to the environment (first two stages)
37
What happens during substage one: reflexive action?
From birth through 1st month, active learning with automatic movement or reflexes (sucking, grasping, stareing, listening
38
What happens in substage two: first adaptations to the environment?
1st through 4th months; discriminate btwn objects and adjust responses as reflexes are replaced with voluntary movements; behavior occurs by chance
39
What are secondary circular reactions?
Reactions no longer confined to infants body and are now interactions between the baby and something else
40
What happens in substage three: repetition?
4th through 8th months; more actively engaged in outside world; repeated motion
41
What happens in substage four: new adaptations and goal dirscted behavior?
8th through 12th months; more deliberate and purposeful in responding to people and objects, can anticipate upcoming events; capable of having thought and carrying out goal; object permanence
42
What is object permanence?
The realization that objects or people continue to exist when they are no longer in sight
43
What are the teriary circular reactions?
Infants become more creative in their thinking
44
What happens in substage five: active experimentation of "Little Scientists"?
12th through 18th months; begins exploring the world through trial and error, using motor skills and planning abilites
45
What happends in substage six: mental representations?
18th month to 2 y/o; able to solve probelms using mental strategies; remember something heard and repeat it; engege in pretend play; find objects out of sight
46
What are the stages of language development during infancy?
say it bitch
47
How are the theories of language development in toddlers similar or different?
One says that infants teach themselves and that language is genetically programmed (nativism) and one says that infants need to be taught language
48
What are phenomes and morphemes?
basic unit of given langugae; smallest unit of langauge that coneys some meaning
49
How do newborns communicate?
Through intentional vocalizations, abbbling, gesturing, holophrastic speech, underextension
50
What is motherese or parentese?
Child directed speech that exaggerates vowels or consonants
51
What is Chomsky's theory of language development, Nativism?
Infants teach themselves and that language learning is genetically progrmed; Language Acquision Device
52
What is Skinners theory for language development, reinforcement?
Infants need to be taught language; encouraged by following behavior with attention, praise
53
What is the moral reasoning in infants?
Based on avoiding punishment and gaining praise
54
What is emotional development?
The attraction to pleasant situations and withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation
55
What does stranger wariness and separation anxiety indicate?
That brain development and increased cognitive abilities have taken place
56
What are the components of emotional regulation?
Emotions as regulating: childs emotion eliciting change in parent response Emotions as regulated: self-soothing, distraction
57
What is self-awareness?
Realization that ones body, mind, and activites are distance from those other people (15-24 months)
58
How does the Rouge test determine self-awareness?
If the infant toughces dot on face, they realize their own existence
59
What are the stages of self-awareness?
Differentiation, situation, identification, permanence, self-consciousness or mental-self-awareness
60
What is attachment?
long standing connection or bond with others
61
What was the conclusion of the strange situation (Ainsworth)?
Concluded the different types of attachemnt between child and mother
62
What is secure attachment (type B)?
child feels confident that their needs will be met in a timely and consistent way; the most common and happiest
63
What is insecure resistant/ambivalent attachment?
insecutiry and resistance to engaging in activities or play away from caregiver; fears caregiver will abandon them and clings
64
What is insecure avoidant attachment (type A)?
tendency to avoid contact with caregiver and others
65
What is disorganized attachment? (type D)
most insecure stype of attachment, child given mixed, confused, inapropriate responses
66
What is temperament?
an inborn, genetic quality noticeable soon after birth
67
What is the goodness-of-fit model?
development is dependent on the degree of match between child temperament and the nature and demands of the environment they're being raised

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