Module 4- Immune dysfucntion and infection Flashcards

Question

Describe eosinophils

Answer 1

Produced by mast cells – they kill parasitic organisms and help regulate inflammatory response

Answer 2

Interact with proteins of the clotting systems bleeding and release a number of mediators that promote and control inflammation

Answer 3

Fever may result from either an infectious disease or inflammation Normal body temp is 36.2-37.5 Temperature is regulated by the hypothalamus through peripheral thermoreceptors in the skin and central thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus, spinal cord and abdominal organs The release of inflammatory cells during the inflammation process induce the synthesis of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus which then increases the level of the hypothalamic temperature

Answer 4

Raised body temperature kills many microorganisms affecting growth and replication Decreases serum iron, zinc and copper which are needed for bacterial replication Causes lysosomal breakdown and auto destruction of cells preventing viral replication Facilitates immune response as lymphocytes transform into B cells and T cells and increase neutrophils Increases phagocytosis and production of antiviral interferons

Answer 5

People who have an immune system that identifies antigens, destroys and then removes it

Answer 6

1. Exaggerate against environmental antigens (known as an allergy or hypersensitivity) 2. Directed against transplanted foreign tissue (such as organ transplant or blood transfusion) 3. Misdirected against body’s own cell (known as autoimmune) 4. Insufficient to protect the host (such as acquired immunodeficiency)

Answer 7

Is an exaggerated immune response that results in harm to the individual

Answer 8

The hypersensitive reaction caused by an environmental antigen called an allergen Reactions can be immediate or delayed

Answer 9

Direct contact: direct consumption or exposure to the skin Cross-contact: exposure through processing and handling Inhalation: dust or aerosols i.e. peanut flour or peanut oil cooking spray

Answer 10

Requires initial exposure to specific antigen (may only be a mild response) Sensitisation to antigen and trigger of immune response occurs following re-exposure (can be mild or very severe) Main causes are dairy, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, insect stings and medications Peanut allergies often occur following re-exposure

Answer 11

``` Hay fever (allergic rhinitis) Runny nose Postnasal drip Eczema Itchy, red, swelling skin including hives and rashes Swelling of lips and tongue Difficulty breathing Wheezing Stridor Asthma Shortness of breath Diarrhoea Stomach cramps Nausea and vomiting ```

Answer 12

Type one: IGE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction Type two: tissue-specific hypersensitivity reaction Type three: immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reaction Type four: cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 13

Occurs after the antigen reacts with the IgE (antibodies) bound to mast cells Leads to mast cell degranulation and the release of histamine and other inflammatory responses into extracellular space These travel to different body parts binding and then activating H1 and H2 receptors H1 causes pruritis (need to scratch), rhinorrhoea (increases amount of mucus fluid in nasal cavity- runny nose), tachycardia, bronchospasm (constriction in walls of bronchioles causing breathing difficulties) H2 causes headache, flushing and hypotension

Answer 14

Reactions against specific cells or tissue and caused by 4 possible mechanisms: 1. Complement-mediate lysis 2. Opsonisation and phagocytosis 3. Antibody-depleted cell mediated cytotoxicity 4. Modulation of cellular function (i.e. Graves’ disease)

Answer 15

Caused by formulation of immune complexes that are deposited in target tissues and destroy healthy tissue

Answer 16

Caused by specifically sensitised T cells, which either kill target cells directly or cause tissue destruction

Answer 17

Type 1, 2 and 3 are immediate responses | Type 4 is a delayed response

Answer 18

Occurs when person comes in to contact with allergen their body is sensitised to Can be life-threatening (peanut allergies are most common food allergy cause) – requires immediate treatment via EpiPen (adrenaline) Has genetic predisposition

Answer 19

Histamine (main mediator) – vasodilation, vascular permeability Leukotrienes – muscle contraction Prostaglandins- vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction Bradykinin- vasodilator Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)- activates platelets to release histamine and increases vascular permeability

Answer 20

Low BP which can result in loss of consciousness, younger children may also go pale, decreased vital organ profusion and tachycardia

Answer 21

DR CALL ABC: - Support airway, breathing, circulation - Resuscitation Adrenaline reverses symptoms by acting on Beta- and Alpha-Adrenergic receptors (relaxes smooth muscle (bronchodilation) and increases cardiac output (contraction and HR)), achieved via EpiPen - rapid onset (5 mins S/C, 1 min inhalation), action lasts 4 hrs Oxygen – high flow Anti-inflammatory agents such as anti-histamines and corticosteroids

Answer 22

``` Example: Benadryl Works against cutaneous effects (skin) and can help antagonise respiratory and cardiac effects Histamine H1 receptor antagonist Takes 15-30 minutes to act (oral dose) Duration of action: 4-6 hrs Available in tablet and liquid form ```

Answer 23

Example: Prednisolene Powerful anti-inflammatory effects Influences biochemical behaviour of most tissues through protein synthesis Absorbed from the GI tract and converted in liver to active metabolites Takes 30-60minutes to act, peaks at 1-2 hours (oral) Often prescribed 3 days following an allergic reaction

Answer 24

Can result in organ rejections which can be hyper acute (immediate), acute (between days to months), chronic (months to years)

Answer 25

Occurs when individuals are transfused with non-compatible blood groups Refers to blood (ABO) and Rhesus (Rh) groups

Answer 26

A & B are different antigens on the surface of red blood cells. The A antigen means blood group A, the B antigen means blood group B O blood group have no antigens, therefore, considered universal donors AB blood group have both sets of antigens and can receive blood from all blood groups (universal recipient)

Answer 27

Rh is a group of antigens (the most important being the D antigen) on the RBC only The present of the D antigen means the individual is Rh positive and can receive both positive and negative blood

Answer 28

Autoimmunity is when self-recognition is impaired and immune defenses destroy normal host tissue Can affect any tissue or organ in the body Exact cause is unknown Common example is SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) which may produce Type 2 or Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction Also includes Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, arthritis, celiac disease

Answer 29

Occurs when the immune system or inflammatory response fails to function normally Primary are congenital which disrupts lymphocyte development and are characterised by the recurrent presence of infection Acquired immune deficiencies are the complications of other physiological conditions Examples: AIDS, cancers such as leukemia, viral hepatitis, can be seen in people with down syndrome

Answer 30

Mechanism of action- causes cell dysfunction Infectivity- ability to invade and multiple Pathogenicity- ability to produce disease Virulence- potency of pathogen Immunogenicity- ability to produce an immune response Toxigenicity- pathogens that produce soluble toxins or endotoxin, determines the virulency of pathogen

Answer 31

Are prokaryocytes (no nucleus) and are small Can be anaerobic or aerobic Can be motile or non-motile 3 main shapes: spherical (cocci), rod-shape (bacilli) and spiral (spirochete) Can be gram + or gram – May survive by producing toxins

Answer 32

Proteins released by bacterial growth that can damage cell membrane and inhibit protein synthesis. Vaccines are available for many exotoxins

Answer 33

Are in the walls of the gram- negative bacteria and are released during destruction of bacteria which activates an inflammatory response

Answer 34

Simple – consist of nucleic acid protected by layer of protein called capsid Genetic information in form of RNA or DNA Cannot survive long outside a host cell Virus binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane of a host cell and then changes the activity of the host cell and viral replication occurs Some viruses have a latent period in which time the host cell is transformed

Answer 35

Large microorganism that are either single celled called yeast or multi-celled called moulds Yeasts are facultative anaerobes (produce ATP using aerobic respiration if available) Moulds are aerobic Diseases caused by fungi are mycoses, which can be superficial, deep or opportunistic Deep fungal infections involving internal organs can be life threatening

Answer 36

Originally from animal kingdom and can infect and cause disease in other animals Protozoa, helminths and arthropods are parasites Protozoa is single celled and can be passed directly or indirectly Helminths are wormlike parasites- gain entry through ingestion or penetration through skin & mucous membranes Arthropod (scabies, lice) infest external body surfaces causing localised tissue damage and inflammation

Answer 37

Can be gram specific or broad spectrum

Answer 38

Occurs when bacteria develop the ability to defeat drugs designed to kill them Bacteria survive and continue to multiply

Answer 39

Overuse of antibiotics Patients not finishing antibiotic course Poor infection control in health settings (including hygiene and sanitisation) Using antibiotics to treat viral infections like influenzas Using when not prescribed

Answer 40

Antibiotic - example: amoxicillin | Usually oral dosage

Answer 41

Relatively new to market and need to be selective in differentiating between normal cell activity and viral activity Example: Neuraminidase inhibitors e.g. zanamivir (inhaled)

Answer 42

Topical and systemic Example: fluconazole (APO-Fluconazole One)

Answer 43

Viral depending on organism Example: mebendazole (Combantrin-1) - chocolate squares

Answer 44

``` Used to treat pain and inflammation Aspirin Ibuprofen Naproxen Celecoxib (Celebrex) Diclofenac (Voltaren) ```

Answer 45

When bacteria grow on body sites (i.e. skin, mouth, intestines, airways) without causing an infection. Usually does not harm patient and does not need antibiotic treatment

Answer 46

Presence of bacteria in the blood (usually no symptoms) but can accumulate in tissues or organs and cause serious infections

Answer 47

``` Blood poisoning (serious blood infection) caused by bacteria or their toxins Bacteria move from elsewhere in body to the blood where they can then be transported around entire body ```

Answer 48

(also known as bacteraemia or septicaemia) Chemicals usually released in response to microorganisms in the blood or other tissues, are out of balance leading to a response that further damages its own tissues and organs (can lead to death)

Answer 49

Reduced function of B and T cells Diminished function of mature lymphocytes Causes immune system to weaken - more susceptible to disease or infection

Answer 50

Part of the immune system Enhances the action of antibodies and phagocytes to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promotes inflammation and assist in phagocytosis