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Biology preliminary 2020 > Module 4: Ecosystem Dynamics > Flashcards

Module 4: Ecosystem Dynamics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Abiotic definition

A

physical rather than biological; not derived from living organisms.

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2
Q

biotic definition

A

relating to or resulting from living organisms

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3
Q

abiotic examples

A
  • Light
  • Temperature
  • Water
  • Shelter
  • Topography
  • Chemical components
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4
Q

biotic examples

A

plants, animals, algae, funghi

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5
Q

How do abiotic factors affect species?

A

Biotic factors in environment that affect a species. Influence behaviour, survival and reproduction. Organisms have certain characteristics suited for different environments -survival benefits.
Organisms less suitable for specific conditions are less likely to reproduce.

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6
Q

abiotic complex example:

A

Coral bleaching
Selection pressures: rise in sea temperature
Effect: bleached coral will die, reducing size of reef for marine.

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7
Q

Selection pressure

A

Selection pressure means factors that contribute to selection which variations will provide the individual with an increase chance of surviving over others.

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8
Q

effect of selection pressure:

A

Because of selective pressures, organisms with certain phenotypes have an advantage when it comes to survival and reproduction.

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9
Q

Keystone selection pressure:

A

when keystone spec is removed, ecosystem becomes less stable and structure changes.

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10
Q

Keystone selection pressure effect:

A

Consequences on diversity and abundance.

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11
Q

Acidification:

A

Selection pressure: Water pH
Individual effect: Affects the deposition of calcium carbonate
Possible consequence: Reduces the habitat for the algae and therefore less food for the polys

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12
Q

Crown of Thorns Starfish

A

Selection pressure: Predators
Individual effect: Affects the population of the coral Possible consequence:Reduces the amount of habitat left for the marine life as more coral is dying.

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13
Q

Climate change

A

Selection pressure: Water temperature
Individual effect: Not ideal temperatures for breeding Possible consequence: Extinction of certain animals that cannot live in warmer temperatures

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14
Q

Tourism

A

Selection pressure: Stress on the environment Individual effect: Broken coral, fuel in the water and disruption to the usual functioning of the ecosystem Possible consequence:Damage to the natural habitat

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15
Q

Symbiosis

A

living together

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16
Q

What are the two types of relationships between different species?

A

Beneficial and detrimential

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17
Q

mutualism example

A
  1. Mutualism - sea anemone (provides shelter and protection) and clown fish (provides nutrients)
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18
Q

commensalism example

A
  1. Commensalism - shark (no benefit), and remora (small fish feed on scraps of prey of sharks)
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19
Q

parasitism example

A
  1. Parasitism - head lice (feed on blood) and human (host)
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20
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

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21
Q

commensalism

A

one benefits, the other unharmed

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22
Q

predation

A

one organism eats another

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23
Q

predation example

A

dingo eats wallaby

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24
Q

parasitism

A

one organism lives on another obtaining food from it

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25
Q

competition

A

organism compete for limited resources

26
Q

example of competition

A

insects for nectar

27
Q

inhibition

A

one organism directly prevents the development of a competing organism

28
Q

Consequences of predation:

A

• Predator numbers copy those of prey

29
Q

Consequences of competition:

A

• If one species is more successful, then the less successful species may be driven to very low numbers or die out completely

30
Q

Effects of symbiosis:

A
  • Increased evolutionary diversification e.g. biodiversity
  • Development of new species e.g. integration of genetic material and development of eukaryotic cells
  • Sources of new capabilities e.g. enhancement in evolutionary fitness
31
Q

Consequence of predation

A

Animal species kills and feeds on another, predator eats prey.
high prey compared to lower predators means that predators increase and prey decreases (because they are all eaten), causes shortage of food as the prey has all been eaten meaning that predators decrease too.

32
Q

individual relationship

A

single organisms

33
Q

population relationship

A

group of organisms, same species

34
Q

communities relationship

A

ecological grouping of different species living and interacting together.

35
Q

ecosystems relationship

A

formed by communities interacting with one another and physical surroundings.

36
Q

biomes relationship

A

group of communities with similar structures and habitats extended over a large area.

37
Q

biospheres relationships

A

sum of all ecosystems on earth.

38
Q

habitats

A

where an organism lives.

39
Q

microhabitats

A

smaller area within habitat (tree canopy) where organisms experiences different environments compared to overall habitat (temp, humidity, sunlight)

40
Q

Niches

A

the specific way in which an organism fits into its community or ecosystem, including its actual habitat, use of resources and its abiotic and biotic interactions.

41
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

between species

42
Q

interspecific competition

A

within a species

43
Q

How do you measure population through sampling techniques?

A

quadrants, transects, tagging and capture-recapture

44
Q

quadrants

A

throw quadrat randomly into an area and count the population of a certain species. Used for counting small plants or slow moving, small animals.

45
Q

transects

A

to determine variation within the population. Used to count larger plants.

46
Q

Tagging/capture-recapture:

A

to recognise the animals that have already been counted. Use to count animals that move and are hard to identify.

47
Q

What are adaptations?

A

characteristics that increase the survival and reproductive chances of an organism in its environment. They are not a change that an organism makes in response to the environment but usually begin as variations.

48
Q

structural adaptations

A

things you can see, body shape, anatomical features that assists an organism to adapt to abiotic or biotic environment e.g. large ears, sunken stomata, flying fish body shape

49
Q

behavioural adaptation

A

actions that an organism takes to improve survival e.g. seeking shade or shelter, migration

50
Q

Physiological adaptation:

A

inner body functions e.g. production of concentrated urine, venom, shivering to maintain body temperature, antifreeze in arctic plants

51
Q

Paleontology -

A

the scientific study of fossils and all aspects of extinct life

52
Q

geology

A

the scientific study of the origin, history and structure of the Earth as recorded in rocks

53
Q

Fossils:

A
  • Law of superposition, fossils in different layers relate to age
  • Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by natural selection
54
Q

Aboriginal rock art:

A
  • Depicts flora and fauna of the past

* e.g. thylacine, droughts

55
Q

Geological evidence:

A
  • Changes from anaerobic to aerobic atmosphere

* Shown in banded iron

56
Q

Microfossils

A
  • Earlier fossils

* e.g. single celled, filamentous anaerobic prokaryotes (didn’t have a nucleus, and didn’t require oxygen)

57
Q

Why do scientists continue to make theories?

A

Scientists continue to develop theories about how life has changed on Earth. Changes in abiotic and biotic factors have left traces of evidence behind. Scientists study this evidence, make inferences and reconstruct past ecosystems.

58
Q

What is a niche comprised of?

A

 The habitat in which an organism lives
 The activity patterns of the organism (e.g. periods of time during which it is active)
 The resources it obtains from the environment (e.g. food sources, territorial boundaries, etc.)
 The interactions that occur with other species in the community (e.g. predator prey relationships, competition, etc.)

59
Q

Understanding: Niches and species

A

Two species cannot survive indefinitely in the same habitat if their niches are identical
If two distinct species share an identical niche, there will be interspecific competition for available space and resources

60
Q

competitive exclusion

A

one species uses resources more efficiently and drives out another species to extinction

61
Q

resource partitioning

A

species alter their use of niche and divide resources

Biology preliminary 2020 (4 decks)

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