Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CNM Biomedicine > Module 4 Digestive System 1 > Flashcards

Module 4 Digestive System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive System Components (6)

A 
Mouth
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine (inc Rectum & Anal canal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Digestive Processes (6)

A 
Ingestion
Secretion
Mixing & Propulsion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

GIT Layers

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa (Peritoneum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mucosa Layer 1 - Epithelium Information

A

Mouth, pharynx, oesophogus, anus = Epithelium for Protection
Stomach & Intestines = Columnar Epithelium
1- Microvilli - Surface Area/Absorption
2- Goblet Cells - Secretion of Mucus
3- Enteroendocrine Cells- Secret hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mucosa Layer 2 - Lamina Propria Information

A

Connective Tissue - BV & Lymphatic Tissue = Absorption of nutrients
MALT - prevalent in tonsils, oesophagus, small/large intestine
GALT(Gut)- Contains 70% bodys immune Cells
First Line defence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mucosa Layer 3 - Muscularis Mucosa Information

A

Thin Smooth Muscle

Villi - surface area = absorption & digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mucosa Layers (3) Recap

A

Epithelium - Protection
Lamina Propria - GALT
Muscularis Mucosa - Villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Submucosa Information

A

Connective tissue
Blood & Lymph
Submucosal Plexus (secretions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Muscularis Externa Information

A

Mouth, pharynx, Upper oesophagus, anal sphincter = skeletal muscle (voluntary)

Rest GIT = smooth muscle (involuntary)

  • 2 layers - Inner Circular & Outer longitudal
  • Myenteric Plexus (between layers) - for Motility
  • Aids - Mixing (digestive juices) & Propulsion (peristalsis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Peritoneum

A

Barrier to the spread of infection

  • Parietal - external layer
  • Visceral - Internal Layer
  • Serous Fluid - between layers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Peritoneum Pathologies

A
  1. Ascites ( accumulation fluid in peritoneal cavity)

2. Peritonitis (acute inflammation peritoneum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Greater Omentum

A

Apron - Largest Fold of Peritoneum (4 layers)

  1. Stores fat
  2. Lymph nodes - macrophages & plasma cells (antibodies - GIT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lesser Omentum

A

Suspends stomach & duodenum from Liver
Pathway BV entering liver
Contains - hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct, lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Enteric Nervous System - Details

A

Brain of Gut - Oesophagus to anus
100 million neurons
Regulated by autonomic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ENS

A

Parasympathetic - Rest & Digest
Increases muscular activity (myenteric plexus) & secretion submucosal plexus)

Sympathetic - Fight or Flight
Decreases muscular activity (myenteric plexus) & secretion submucosal plexus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ENS - Myenteric Plexus

A

M = Motility (between fibres of Muscularis Externa)

Controls strength & frequency of muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ENS - Submucosal Plexus

A

S = Secretions (Submucosa)

Controls digestive secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ENS - Neurons

A

1- Motor (myenteric plexus- control peristalsis. Submucosal plexus - control secretions)
2-Sensory (receive mucosal info - chemo/stretch receptors)
3- Inter (connect 2 plexus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

GIT - Blood Supply

A

GIT supplied by Arterial Blood via Abdominal Aorta

Nutrient rich venus blood returned via liver (Portal System/Iliac Veins) > Liver filters blood > returned to systemic circulation

*Portal Vein Drains GIT components (except rectum/anal canal = ilium vein) > Liver
*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Oral Cavity

A 
Lined with mucous membranes
Hard palate
Soft Palate
Uvula
Tongue (Papillae)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Oral Cavity Functions (4)

A

Mastication
Speech
Taste
Swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Teeth - Information

A 
32 (Adult)
Crown,Neck,Root
Dentin - Internal bulk of tooth
Covered by enamel
Sit in gingiva (gum)
Function = Mastication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Saliva - Information

A

Produced by 3 glands (Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual)
Parasympathetic NS > continuous lubrication
Reabsorbed
Sympathetic NS (stress) = dryness/dehydration/thirst
PH 6.35 -6.85 - mildly acidic

24
Q

Saliva - Composition (6)

A 
Water (95%)
Mineral salts
Enzymes
Mucus
IgA
Blood Clotting factors
25
Q

Saliva Functions (7)

A 
Digestion
Taste
Cleansing (oral cavity/teeth)
Defence (IgA/Lysozomes)
Lubrication
Buffer (acidic foodO
Waste removal (Urea/Uric)
26
Q

Oesophagus - Information

A 
25cm muscular tube 
Lined with Epithelium
Superior/middle = skeletal muscle
Lower = smooth muscle
Food travels via peristalsis
Epiglottis - stops food entering trachea
Lower Oesophageal sphincter - prevents stomach reflux
27
Q

Oesophagus - Location

A

Attached to Larynx
Posterior to trachea
Passes through diaphragm

28
Q

Stomach - Regions (4)

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric

29
Q

Stomach - Overview & Function

A

J shaped
Lesser & greater curvatures

Same layers as GIT EXCEPT 3 layers of muscle
2 sphincters - cardiac (top) Pyloric (bottom)

Simple Epithelial cells - replace lining approx 3 days
Highly acidic (ph2-3)

Function - Churn & Mix food
Hormones - Ghrelin (Hunger) Gastrin (Secretion)

30
Q

Stomach - Cells (3)

A

Parietal -
IF (B12)
HCI (Activate Pepsin & assist activate bile/pancreatic juices. Iron conversion. Microbial)

Chief -
Pepsinogen (protein digestion)Gastric lipase (lipid digestion)

Goblet - (Mucus - protects from acidity)

31
Q

Pancreas (Accessory) - Exocrine Functions

A 
Exocrine :
Pancreatic juice
Sodium Bicarbonate/water
Protease enzymes - 4 (Trypsin/Chymotrypsin > Protein, Ribonuclease >RNA, Deoxyribonuclease > DNA)
Pancreatic Lipase (Fat)
Pancreatic Amylase (Starch >Sugar )
32
Q

Pancreas (Accessory) - Endocrine Functions

A

Endocrine:
Hormones>Blood
Insulin & Glucose
Somatostatin (Growth/inhibiting hormone)

Location = Connected to duodenum via pancreatic duct

33
Q

Gallbladder (Accessory) - Information

A

Ejects bile > emulsifies fats

Emulsification breaks down lipids (Increases surface area for enzymes to work)

34
Q

Bile (Gallbladder)

A

Produced by hepatocytes > GB > storage

Bile = salts/cholesterol/bilirubin
90-95% bile transported back to liver from Ileum

Produced by hepatocytes (liver)
Contacts and ejects bile on stimulation

Gallbladder > Bile> Cystic duct >Common bile duct

Pancreas > Pancreatic enzymes>Pancreatic duct joins common bile duct > forms Ampullar of vater’ > Duodenum

35
Q

Small Intestine - Regions (3) & Functions

A

Duodenum - Emulsification & Digestion (30cm)
Jejunum - absorption (2.5m)
Ileum - B12 absorption (3.5m)

Peristalsis
Digestion
Absorption
Hunger/saiety
Immunity - Peyers patches
36
Q

Small Intestine - Information

A

Chyme enters via Phyloric sphincter
Most digestion & absorption occurs
Villi maximise SA
Variety of cells (Goblet, endocrine, absorptive)

Absorption ——90% Absorption occurs in SI

37
Q

Large Intestine - Regions (4)

A

Caecum
Colon (A,T,D)
Rectum
Anus (2 Sphincters)

38
Q

Deification

A

Motion of passing a stool

Peristalsis > fecal matter > rectum>Stretch receptors>Vol relax external sphincter

39
Q

Large Intestine - Microbes (functions)

A

Final stages nutrient extraction - fermentation
Support Immunity
Ferment residual AA (Fecal odor)
Ferment Fibre >SCFA> support tight cell junctions
Produce B12,K2 FA
Keep pathogenic bacteria/fungus at bay
Biriruben - make into smaller molecules for excretion (fecal colour)
ABSORBTION Water, vitamins, minerals, some drugs
Some toxins reabsorbed > liver>excreted urine
Mostly symbiotic

40
Q

Pancreatic Enzymes

A

Secreted into Duodenum ( Protese inactive form)

Pancreatic Amylase - Starches >Sugars
Pancreatic Lipase - Lipid/Fat Dig
Trypsin - Protein Dig
Chymotrypsin - Protein Dig
Riboneouclease - Dig RNA
Oxyroboneuclease - Dig DNA
41
Q

CCK (Peptide Hormone)

A

Stimulates pancreatic juices & enzymes ( Dig carb, Protein, fat)
Stimulates bile production (hepatic) & secretion by contraction of GB
mediates Satiety

42
Q

Villi & Microvilli - function

A

Increase surface area of small intestine for absorption

Villi folds created by Muscularis Mucosa = increase SA
Microvilli contain brush border enzymes

43
Q

Brush Border Enzymes

A

Attach to intestinal lining (not free)

Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase > break down sugars to glucose, fructose, galactose etc.

Dipetidase - break down proteins to AA

Nucleosides & Phosphatases - Digest RNA & DNA

44
Q

Liver - functions (H Cleanse De 2HO ss Met)

A 
Heat - regulation
Cleanse blood of microbes
Detoxification - Toxins, Alcohol, drugs
Hormone deactivation
Hemolysis
Synthesis - Activate D3, Vit A, AA
Storage - Vitamins, Iron, Copper, magnesium
Metabolism - Fats, glycogen, AA
45
Q

Liver Detoxification - Classifications

A

High ATP

Hydrophillic > H20 Soluble > Excreted
Lipophillic > Chemically altered > H20 soluble > excreted

46
Q

Liver Detoxification - 2 Phases

A

Phase 1 - Bioactivation
CYP450 enzymes
>convert H20 soluble toxins >H20 substance > excretion kidney
> convert toxins > more reactive substance > dealt with phase 2

Phase 2 - Conjigation
Molecules attach > neutralise/stabilise > H20 soluble substance > excreted

47
Q

Neurons (3 Types)

A

1- Motor - outgoing action/signal. Myenteric> control peristalsis & Submucosal > control secretions.
2- Sensory - info from mucal environment - Chemo receptors & stretch receptors
3- Inter - connect the 2 plexus’s

48
Q

Plexus Networks

A

Myenteric > controls strength and frequency of muscle contraction - MOTILITY
Submucusal > controls digestive secretions & detects sensort info

both contain para & sympathetic nerve fibres

49
Q

Abdominal Quadrants (9 quadrants - 3 regions)

A

R/L Hypochrondrium , epigastric region
R/L flank, umbilical region
R/L groin, pubic region

50
Q

Dietary Carbs (3)

A

Mono - sac > 1 sugar unit > Glucose, fructose,Galactose

Di - sac > 2 sugar units
> Maltose - Dig Glucose x2
> Sucrose - Dig Glucose & Fructose
> Maltose - Dig Glucose & Lactose

Poly - sac > many sugar units
> Starch - Dig Glucose (pots, wheat, rice etc)
> Glycogen - Dig Glucose
> Cellulose - Indigestable

51
Q

Dietary Lipids (3)

A

Triglycerides - predominant
Composed > Glycerol and 3 FA chains
FA are un/saturated
saturated - no double bonds - rigid
unstaurated - one or more double bonds between Carbon atoms

Phospholipids
2 FA tails and phosphate head
Dig - free FA & absorbed

Cholesterol
steriod in animal food
vital for cell membrane, vit d synthesis & sex hormone synthesis

52
Q

Cis/Trans FA

A

Presence of a double bond

CIS > H on SAME side of bond
TRANS > H OPP side of bond

53
Q

Proteins - Information

A

Long molecules AA
each protein has unique 3D structure (lock and key model)
need to be denatured before proteses enzymes can cleave apart
Body temp regulation > keep 3D shape
AA absorbed in SI

54
Q

Proteins - Functions

A 
Immunity (Iga & antibodies)
Structures (muscle, collagen)
Enzymes
Hormones
Neurotransmitters
Energy

Denatured by Body temp/Ph changes

55
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts
Not consumed in reaction - van preform reaction many times
Specific reactions - lock and key
names based on reactive ability - ie ase > lactase = lactose enzyme
Protein digestion = ie in > Pepsin

56
Q

Liver Metabolism

A

Carbs - Excess glucose> converted glycogen> stored for use
Fat - Metabolise from storage as needed. Synthesis of cholesterol & Tricycerides
Protein
Convert essentail AA > Non ES AA
remove nitrogen from AA > Urea>excretion
break doen nucleotides > Uric acid > excretion

CNM Biomedicine (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions