Module 4: Development

Question 1

three stages of prenatal development

Answer 1

zygote (1), embryo (2), fetus (3)

Question 2

zygote stage

Answer 2

• rapid cell division
• starts when egg is fertilized until implant (2 weeks post conception)
• forms blastocyst

Question 3

embryo stage

Answer 3

• after implantation
• major developmental advances
• cephalocaudal and proximo-distal development
• cannot survive outside uterus

Question 4

fetus stage

Answer 4

• week 9 til birth
• can survive outside of uterus
• refinements, finishing touches and significant growth
• sulci and gyri develop

Question 5

monozygotic twins

Answer 5

identical, same egg divides in half, identical genetic information, must be same gender

Question 6

dizygotic twins

Answer 6

fraternal, two eggs fertilized, different genetic information, can be different genders

Question 7

three things to think about with teratogens

Answer 7

• dose
• timing
• cumulative effects

Question 8

teratogens are worst in what stage of development

Answer 8

embryo stage (due to developing organs)

Question 9

teratogen effects: alcohol

Answer 9

• fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

- impacts internal organs, physical characteristics and causes cognitive impairments

Question 10

teratogen effects: thalidomide

Answer 10

• short or malformed limbs

- given for morning sickness

Question 11

teratogen effects: zika virus

Answer 11

• microcephaly

- stillbirth

Question 12

conflicting information produces ______

Answer 12

change

Question 13

assimilation

Answer 13

adding new information to an existing cognitive structure

Question 14

accommodation

Answer 14

creating a new cognitive structure for information that doesn’t fit in any others

Question 15

equilibration

Answer 15

the world and the reality in our mind is the same

Question 16

disequilibration

Answer 16

the world is not the same as our cognitive structures

Question 17

piaget’s four stages of cognitive development

Answer 17

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 18

piaget’s stages: sensorimotor

Answer 18

• 0 to 2 years old

- learns about world through motor abilities

Question 19

piaget’s stages: preoperational

Answer 19

• 2 to 7 years old
• problems with animism and egocentrism
• fails at conservation

Question 20

piaget’s stages: concrete operational

Answer 20

• 7 to 11 years old
• passes conservation tasks
• difficult time thinking & reasoning abstractly

Question 21

piaget’s stages: formal operational

Answer 21

• 12 and older

- can reason hypothetical situations and abstract problems

Question 22

primary circular reactions

Answer 22

repeated actions on own body (thumb sucking)

Question 23

secondary circular reactions

Answer 23

repeated actions outside of body (dropping bowl on ground)

Question 24

object permanence

Answer 24

objects exist even when not seen; usually happens around 9 months old

Question 25

tertiary circular reactions

Answer 25

explore with different combinations of items (bang on objects with spoon and hand to hear sounds)

Question 26

mental representation

Answer 26

repeat an action they observed someone else doing

Question 27

symbolic thinking

Answer 27

using symbols for other things

Question 28

animism

Answer 28

life like properties to things not alive

Question 29

egocentrism

Answer 29

trouble taking perspective of another individual

Question 30

conservation

Answer 30

qualities unchanged even if physical appearance is altered

Question 31

three transformative principles

Answer 31

• identity
• compensation
• inversion

Question 32

vygotsky: sociocultural theory

Answer 32

must consider the environment in which a child grew up in - parents also scaffold their children

Question 33

zone of proximal development

Answer 33

distance between what a kid can accomplish alone versus what can be accomplished with some help

Question 34

attachment

Answer 34

manner in which we interact with our caregivers and romantic partners

Question 35

lorenz

Answer 35

imprinting - goslings followed him as he was first moving thing they saw