Module 4: Development Flashcards
three stages of prenatal development
zygote (1), embryo (2), fetus (3)
zygote stage
- rapid cell division
- starts when egg is fertilized until implant (2 weeks post conception)
- forms blastocyst
embryo stage
- after implantation
- major developmental advances
- cephalocaudal and proximo-distal development
- cannot survive outside uterus
fetus stage
- week 9 til birth
- can survive outside of uterus
- refinements, finishing touches and significant growth
- sulci and gyri develop
monozygotic twins
identical, same egg divides in half, identical genetic information, must be same gender
dizygotic twins
fraternal, two eggs fertilized, different genetic information, can be different genders
three things to think about with teratogens
- dose
- timing
- cumulative effects
teratogens are worst in what stage of development
embryo stage (due to developing organs)
teratogen effects: alcohol
- fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
- impacts internal organs, physical characteristics and causes cognitive impairments
teratogen effects: thalidomide
- short or malformed limbs
- given for morning sickness
teratogen effects: zika virus
- microcephaly
- stillbirth
conflicting information produces ______
change
assimilation
adding new information to an existing cognitive structure
accommodation
creating a new cognitive structure for information that doesn’t fit in any others
equilibration
the world and the reality in our mind is the same
disequilibration
the world is not the same as our cognitive structures
piaget’s four stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
piaget’s stages: sensorimotor
- 0 to 2 years old
- learns about world through motor abilities
piaget’s stages: preoperational
- 2 to 7 years old
- problems with animism and egocentrism
- fails at conservation
piaget’s stages: concrete operational
- 7 to 11 years old
- passes conservation tasks
- difficult time thinking & reasoning abstractly
piaget’s stages: formal operational
- 12 and older
- can reason hypothetical situations and abstract problems
primary circular reactions
repeated actions on own body (thumb sucking)
secondary circular reactions
repeated actions outside of body (dropping bowl on ground)
object permanence
objects exist even when not seen; usually happens around 9 months old
tertiary circular reactions
explore with different combinations of items (bang on objects with spoon and hand to hear sounds)
mental representation
repeat an action they observed someone else doing
symbolic thinking
using symbols for other things
animism
life like properties to things not alive
egocentrism
trouble taking perspective of another individual
conservation
qualities unchanged even if physical appearance is altered
three transformative principles
- identity
- compensation
- inversion
vygotsky: sociocultural theory
must consider the environment in which a child grew up in - parents also scaffold their children
zone of proximal development
distance between what a kid can accomplish alone versus what can be accomplished with some help
attachment
manner in which we interact with our caregivers and romantic partners
lorenz
imprinting - goslings followed him as he was first moving thing they saw
