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A Level Chemistry > Module 4 Core Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Module 4 Core Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Define homologous series

A

Molecules with the same functional group but each successive member differs by CH2

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2
Q

What is molecular formula

A

Number of atoms of each element in a compound e.g C4H8

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3
Q

What is displayed formula

A

Shows the (drawn) position of atoms and bond between them

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4
Q

What is skeletal formula

A

The simplified organic formula which only showed the carbon skeletal and atoms of the function groups

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5
Q

What is the structural formula

A

A representation which shows the atoms in a molecule carbon by carbon with attached hydrogens and functional groups

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6
Q

What is empirical formula

A

Simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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7
Q

What is general formula

A

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series

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8
Q

What is an isomer

A

Has the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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9
Q

How do you name an alkene

A

Remove ‘ane’ and add ‘ene’

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10
Q

How do you name an alcohol

A

Remove the ‘e’ and add ‘ol’

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11
Q

How do you name a carboxylic acid

A

Remove ‘e’ and add ‘oic acid’ on the end

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12
Q

How do you name a ketone

A

Remove ‘e’ and add ‘one’ on the end

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13
Q

How do you name an aldehyde

A

Remove ‘e’ and add ‘al’ at the end

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14
Q

How do you name a halogenoalkane

A

Name the halo at the start

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15
Q

What is the functional group of an alcohol

A

OH

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16
Q

What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid

A

COOH (one of the Os is a double bond)

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17
Q

What is the functional group of an alkene

A

Double bond between carbon

18
Q

What is the functional group of an aldehyde

A

CHO (single bond to H and double bond to O)

19
Q

What is the functional group of a ketone

A

Double bond to an oxygen in the middle of the chain

20
Q

What is an aromatic compound

A

Contains a benzene ring

21
Q

What is an aliphatic compound

A

Contains straight or branched cyclic hydrocarbons but not aromatic

22
Q

What is an alicyclic compound

A

An aliphatic compound with a ring that isn’t benzene

23
Q

How do you name a branched molecule

A

1 carbon = methyl
2 carbons = ethyl
3 carbons = propyl

24
Q

Define functional group

A

A group of atoms in a molecule that is responsible for characteristic properties

25
Q

What are the 3 types of structural isomers

A

Chain
Positional
Functional group

26
Q

What is a chain isomer

A

Same molecular formula but a different carbon chain length

27
Q

What is a positional isomer

A

The same molecular formula but functional group in a different position

28
Q

What is a functional group isomer

A

Same molecular formula but different functional group e.g propanal becoming propanone

29
Q

Define saturated

A

A single bond between carbon atoms

30
Q

Define unsaturated

A

Has a double bond between carbon atoms

31
Q

What shape do alkanes have

A

Tetrahedral shape

32
Q

What bond angle do alkanes have

A

109.5

33
Q

What is a sigma bond

A

A single covalent bond

34
Q

How is a sigma bond formed

A

Direct head overlap of atomic orbitals between atoms

35
Q

Define boiling point

A

Energy needed to turn from a liquid to a gas

36
Q

Which bonds are broken when something reaches its boiling point

A

Intermolecular forces

37
Q

Describe the trend in boiling points as carbon chain length increases

A

Boiling point increases
More/stronger intermolecular forces
More points of contact between molecules
More energy needed to break

38
Q

What effect does branching have on boiling point

A

Increase branching decreases the boiling point
Fewer points of contact so less/weaker intermolecular forces
Less energy to break

39
Q

Describe the formation of a London dispersion force

A

At an instant there is an uneven distribution of electrons in the atom/molecule
This forms and instantaneous dipole moment due to asymmetry
This induces a dipole in a neighbouring atom/ molecule. Attraction between molecules due to opposite dipoles

40
Q

Suggest why the boiling point of halogen molecules increases down group 7

A

Further down group = more electrons
Greater/stronger instantaneous dipole
Induces greater/stronger dipole
Greater difference in dipoles so stronger attraction
More energy needed to break molecules apart

A Level Chemistry (3 decks)

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