Module 4 Chapter 4 Vocab Terms Flashcards
affix
Bound morpheme that attaches to a stem
affixation
process of forming words by adding affixes to morphemes
agglutinating language
a type of synthetic language in which the relationships between words in a sentence are indicated primarily by bound morphemes. In agglutinating languages, morphemes are joined together loosely so that it is easy to determine where the boundaries between morphemes are.
allomorph
one of a set of nondistinctive ways realizations of a particular morpheme that have the same function and are phonetically similar.
alternation
In morphology, the morphological process that uses morpheme-internal modifications to make new words or morphological distinctions. In phonology, a difference between two or more phonetic forms that one might expect to be related
ambiguity
the phenomenon by which a single linguistic form (e.g. a word or string of words) can be the form of more than one distinct linguistic expression. The form that is shared by more than one expression is said to be ambiguous.
analytic language
type of language in which most words consist of one morpheme and sentences are composed of sequences of free morphemes. Grammatical relationships are often indicated by word order. Examples are Chinese and Vietnamese
bound morpheme
morpheme that always attaches to other morphemes, never existing as a word itself.
bound root
morpheme that has some associated basic meaning, but that is unable to stand alone as a word in its own right.
closed lexical category
lexical category in which the members are fairly rigidly established and additions are made very rarely and only over long periods of time.
compounding
word formation process by which words are formed through combining two or more independent words.
conjunction
a lexical category that consists of function words such and, but , however
content morpheme
morpheme that carries semantic content (as opposed to merely performing a grammatical function)
content word
a word whose primary purpose is to contribute semantic content to the phrase in which it occurs. All free content morphemes are content words.
derivation
in morphology, a morphological process that changes a word’s lexical category or its meaning in some predictable way. In phonology, a process by which an underlying form is changed as phonological rules act upon it.
determiner
the name of a lexical category and a syntactic category that consists of expressions such as the, a, this, all, etc. Syntactically, consists of those expressions that when combined with an expression of category noun to their right result in an expression of category noun phrase.
form
the structure or shape of any particular linguistic item, from individual segments to string of words.
free morpheme
a morpheme that can stand alone as a word.
function morpheme
morpheme that provides information about the grammatical relationships between words in a sentence.
function word
a word that has little semantic content and whose primary purpose is to indicate grammatical relationships between other words in a phrase.
fusional language
a type of synthetic language in which the relationships between the words in a sentence are indicated by bound morphemes that are difficult to separate from the stem
hierarchical structure
the dominance relationship among morphemes, or among constituents in a phrase.
homophony
the phenomenon by which two or more distinct morphemes or nonphrasal linguistic expressions happen to have the same form, i.e. sound the same
incorporation
morphological process by which several distinct semantic components are combined into a single word in a polysynthetic language.
infix
a type of bound morpheme that is inserted into the middle of the stem
inflection
a morphological process whereby the form of a word is modified to indicate some grammatically relevant information, such as person, tense, gender
input
the linguistic form before the application of a rule or set of rules
lexical category
class of words group together based on morphological properties. Traditionally known as parts of speech.
lexicon
a mental repository of linguistic information about words and other lexical expressions, including their form, meaning, morphological and syntactic properties. As part of a descriptive, not mental, grammar, the lexicon is the representation of the mental lexicon, consisting of lexical entries that capture the relevant properties of lexical expressions.
morpheme
smallest linguistic unit that has a meaning or grammatical function.
morphology
the study of how words are constructed out of morphemes.
open lexical category
lexical category into which new members are often introduced.
output
the linguistic form obtained after an application of a rule or a set of rules.
partial reduplication
morphological reduplication in which only part of a morpheme is reduplicated.
polysynthetic language
a type of language that attaches several affixes to a stem to indicate grammatical relationships.
prefix
affix that attaches to a beginning of a stem.
preposition
the name of a lexical category and a syntactic category that consists of expressions such as of, in, for, with, etc. Syntactically, this category consists of those expressions that when combined with an expression of category noun phrase to their right result in an expression of category prepositional phrase.
productive
Describes a rule stating under what circumstances an affix may be added to a stem) that can be applied in novel situations to produce novel grammatical forms.
pronoun
the name of a lexical category that consists of words such as I, she, us, etc. Syntactically, pronouns belong to the category noun phrase.
reduplicant
the morpheme or part of a morpheme that is repeated in reduplication.
reduplication
process of forming new words by doubling either an entire word (total reduplication) or part of the word (partial reduplication),
root
the free morpheme or bound root in a word that contributes most sematic content to the word, and to which affixes can attach.
simultaneous affix
an affix that is articulated at the same time as some other affix or affixes in a word’s stem; exists only in visual gestural languages.
stem
the base, consisting of one or more morphemes, to which some affix is added. The stem always includes the root and may also include one or more affixes.
suffix
affix that attaches to the end of a stem.
suppletion
a morphological process between forms of a word wherein one form cannot be phonologically or morphologically derived from the other
