Module 4 - [ch11] (foundations in organic chem) Flashcards
Basic concepts of organic chemistry
what does nomenclature mean
system to name organic compounds
empirical formula
simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule
molecular formula
number and type of atoms in a molecule
displayed formula
shows every atom and bond in a molecule
structural formula
shows arrangement of atoms without showing bonds
e.g
C5H12 or CH3COOH
define skeletal formula
formula drawn using lines
each vertex represents a carbon atom
all unspecified bonds are C-
define homologous series [2]
a series of organic compounds with the same functional group with each successive member differing by CH2
define functional group [1]
A functional group is the part of the organic
molecule that is largely responsible for the
molecule’s chemical properties
what is an aliphatic hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a straight line or branched chain
what is an alicyclic hydrocarbon
hydrocarbons arranged in non-aromatic rings
what is an aromatic hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon that includes at least one benzene ring
suffixes!
no double bond
double bond
alcohol
-ane
-ene
-ol
suffix
aldehyde
-al
suffix
ketone
-one
suffix
carboxylic acid
-oic acid
prefix
C4H9
butyl
prefix
Br,Cl,I
bromo
chloro
iodo
prefix
CH3
methyl
general formula for alcohols
C(n)H(2n+1)OH
what does saturated mean
organic compounds which only contain single bonds
what does unsaturated mean
contains at least 1 c=c
What is meant by the term structural isomer? [1]
Same molecular formula but different structural formulae
3 ways in which structural isomers can form
alkyl groups in different places
functional groups can be bonded to different parts
different functional groups
what are stereoisomers
same molecular formula
arranged differently in space
what is E-Z isomerism
how is e and z differentiated
caused by limited rotation about C=C double bonds
2 bits with the higher molecular masses on the same side
Z (zusammen)
on opposite sides
E (entgegen)
what is cis-trans isomerism
special type of E-Z isomerism
where the two bits on each carbon atom are the same
what is homolytic fission
when each bonded atom receives one electron from the bonded pair to form two free radicals
(e.g cl2 - cl. + cl. )
define heterolytic fission [1]
the breaking of a covalent bond where one of the bonding atoms takes both electrons from the bond to form ions
what are radicals
a species with an unpaired electron
how is a covalent bond formed with two free radicals
the radicals collide
electrons are involved in bond formation
Explain why the straight chain isomer of C10H22 has a higher boiling point than any of its branched chain structural isomers. [2]
branched chains have less surface contact
branched chains have fewer van der Waals’ forces
Explain why the straight chain isomers are converted by the petroleum industry into its branched chain isomers. [1]
Branched chains have more efficient combustion
State what is meant by the term nucleophile [1]
lone pair/electron pair donor
what is bond fission
the breaking of a covalent bond
how would you portray homolytic fission
half headed curly arrows
from bond to each atom
what is an addition reaction
reactants form 1 product
what is an substitution reaction
functional group replaced by a different functional group
what is an oxidation reaction
at least one electron is lost and the species is oxidised
what is polymerisation
monomers join together to form long repeating molecule known as a polymer
what is an elimination reaction
a small molecule is removed from a larger molecule
what is a pi bond
sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals
area of high electron density
what are electrophiles
electron pair acceptors
what is general formula
this shows the number of atoms of each element in a substance which has n carbon atoms
molecules in a homologous series all have the same general formula
alkene
C=C
alcohol
-OH
aldehyde
-CHO
carboxylic acid
-COOH
ketone
-C(CO)C-
ester
-COOC-
amine
-NH2
nitrile
-CN
general formula for carboxylic acids
C(n)H(2n)O2
general formula for ketones
C(n)H(2n)O
what are curly arrows
used to show the movement of a pair of electrons
describe the difference between homolytic and heterolytic fission use suitable examples [4]
In homolytic fission, a covalent bond is breaks with each bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond.
e.g. H3C–CH3 → H3C* + *CH3
In heterolytic fission, a covalent bond is breaks with one of the bonded atoms taking both of the electrons from the bond.
e.g. H3C–Cl → H3C+ + Cl
