Module 4 - [ch11] (foundations in organic chem)

Question 1

what does nomenclature mean

Answer 1

system to name organic compounds

Question 2

empirical formula

Answer 2

simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule

Question 3

molecular formula

Answer 3

number and type of atoms in a molecule

Question 4

displayed formula

Answer 4

shows every atom and bond in a molecule

Question 5

structural formula

Answer 5

shows arrangement of atoms without showing bonds
e.g
C5H12 or CH3COOH

Question 6

define skeletal formula

Answer 6

formula drawn using lines
each vertex represents a carbon atom
all unspecified bonds are C-

Question 7

define homologous series [2]

Answer 7

a series of organic compounds with the same functional group with each successive member differing by CH2

Question 8

define functional group [1]

Answer 8

A functional group is the part of the organic
molecule that is largely responsible for the
molecule’s chemical properties

Question 9

what is an aliphatic hydrocarbon

Answer 9

hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a straight line or branched chain

Question 10

what is an alicyclic hydrocarbon

Answer 10

hydrocarbons arranged in non-aromatic rings

Question 11

what is an aromatic hydrocarbon

Answer 11

hydrocarbon that includes at least one benzene ring

Question 12

suffixes!
no double bond
double bond
alcohol

Answer 12

-ane
-ene
-ol

Question 13

suffix
aldehyde

Answer 13

-al

Question 14

suffix
ketone

Answer 14

-one

Question 15

suffix
carboxylic acid

Answer 15

-oic acid

Question 16

prefix
C4H9

Answer 16

butyl

Question 17

prefix
Br,Cl,I

Answer 17

bromo
chloro
iodo

Question 18

prefix
CH3

Answer 18

methyl

Question 19

general formula for alcohols

Answer 19

C(n)H(2n+1)OH

Question 20

what does saturated mean

Answer 20

organic compounds which only contain single bonds

Question 21

what does unsaturated mean

Answer 21

contains at least 1 c=c

Question 22

What is meant by the term structural isomer? [1]

Answer 22

Same molecular formula but different structural formulae

Question 23

3 ways in which structural isomers can form

Answer 23

alkyl groups in different places
functional groups can be bonded to different parts
different functional groups

Question 24

what are stereoisomers

Answer 24

same molecular formula
arranged differently in space

Question 25

what is E-Z isomerism how is e and z differentiated

Answer 25

caused by limited rotation about C=C double bonds 2 bits with the higher molecular masses on the same side Z (zusammen) on opposite sides E (entgegen)

Question 26

what is cis-trans isomerism

Answer 26

special type of E-Z isomerism where the two bits on each carbon atom are the same

Question 27

what is homolytic fission

Answer 27

when each bonded atom receives one electron from the bonded pair to form two free radicals (e.g cl2 - cl. + cl. )

Question 28

define heterolytic fission [1]

Answer 28

the breaking of a covalent bond where one of the bonding atoms takes both electrons from the bond to form ions

Question 29

what are radicals

Answer 29

a species with an unpaired electron

Question 30

how is a covalent bond formed with two free radicals

Answer 30

the radicals collide electrons are involved in bond formation

Question 31

Explain why the straight chain isomer of C10H22 has a higher boiling point than any of its branched chain structural isomers. [2]

Answer 31

branched chains have less surface contact branched chains have fewer van der Waals’ forces

Question 32

Explain why the straight chain isomers are converted by the petroleum industry into its branched chain isomers. [1]

Answer 32

Branched chains have more efficient combustion

Question 33

State what is meant by the term nucleophile [1]

Answer 33

lone pair/electron pair donor

Question 34

what is bond fission

Answer 34

the breaking of a covalent bond

Question 35

how would you portray homolytic fission

Answer 35

half headed curly arrows from bond to each atom

Question 36

what is an addition reaction

Answer 36

reactants form 1 product

Question 37

what is an substitution reaction

Answer 37

functional group replaced by a different functional group

Question 38

what is an oxidation reaction

Answer 38

at least one electron is lost and the species is oxidised

Question 39

what is polymerisation

Answer 39

monomers join together to form long repeating molecule known as a polymer

Question 40

what is an elimination reaction

Answer 40

a small molecule is removed from a larger molecule

Question 41

what is a pi bond

Answer 41

sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals area of high electron density

Question 42

what are electrophiles

Answer 42

electron pair acceptors

Question 43

what is general formula

Answer 43

this shows the number of atoms of each element in a substance which has n carbon atoms molecules in a homologous series all have the same general formula

Question 44

alkene

Answer 44

C=C

Question 45

alcohol

Answer 45

-OH

Question 46

aldehyde

Answer 46

-CHO

Question 47

carboxylic acid

Answer 47

-COOH

Question 48

ketone

Answer 48

-C(CO)C-

Question 49

ester

Answer 49

-COOC-

Question 50

amine

Answer 50

-NH2

Question 51

nitrile

Answer 51

-CN

Question 52

general formula for carboxylic acids

Answer 52

C(n)H(2n)O2

Question 53

general formula for ketones

Answer 53

C(n)H(2n)O

Question 54

what are curly arrows

Answer 54

used to show the movement of a pair of electrons

Question 55

describe the difference between homolytic and heterolytic fission use suitable examples [4]

Answer 55

In homolytic fission, a covalent bond is breaks with each bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond. e.g. H3C–CH3 → H3C* + *CH3 In heterolytic fission, a covalent bond is breaks with one of the bonded atoms taking both of the electrons from the bond. e.g. H3C–Cl → H3C+ + Cl