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Module 4 - Biodiversity, evolution and disease > Module 4 - Biodiversity > Flashcards

Module 4 - Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different levels of biodiversity?

A
  • habitat biodiversity
  • species biodiversity
  • genetic biodiversity
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2
Q

What is biodiversity?

A
  • the variety of living organisms present in an area
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3
Q

Why is biodiversity important?

A
  • maintains a balanced ecosystem for all organsims as they are all interdependent
  • maintains the interconnected ecosystem
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4
Q

Why are ecosystems important?

A
  • vital for human wellbeing, provides us with invaluable services e.g food, medicine, fuel
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5
Q

What areas have the most and least biodiversity

A
  • tropical regions have the most biodiversity
  • cold areas have the least biodiversity
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6
Q

What is an EIA?

A
  • environmental impact assessment
  • used to determine how major projects e.g. buildings will affect biodiversity in the area
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7
Q

What is habitat diversity?

A
  • the number of different habitats found within an area
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8
Q

What are examples of habitat biodiversity?

A
  • in the UK there is large habitat biodiversity as it contains many habitats including meadows, woodlands, streams, and sand dunes.
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9
Q

What is species biodiversity?

A
  • the range of organisms found in a habitat
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10
Q

What is species richness?

A
  • the number of different species living in a particular area
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11
Q

What is species evenness?

A
  • a comparison of individuals of each species living in an area
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11
Q

What is genetic biodiversity?

A
  • the variety of genes that make up a species
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11
Q

How do you measure biodiversity

A
  • using Simpson’s index of diversity
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12
Q

What effect does high biodiversity have on an ecosystem?

A
  • leads to a more stable ecosystem
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13
Q

How can genetic biodiversity be measured?

A
  • no. of polymorphic gene loci / total number of loci
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14
Q

Why might low genetic biodiversity be harmful?

A
  • can lead to inbreeding
15
Q

How can the number of alleles increase, leading to increased genetic variation?

A
  • mutations in DNA leading to new alleles interbreeding between different populations
16
Q

What is gene flow?

A
  • where an individual from one population breeds with another from a different population, transferring alleles
17
Q

How can genetic variation be decreased?

A
  • selective breeding - e.g pedigree animals
  • captive breeding e.g zoos
  • artificial cloning - asexual production in plants
  • natural selection - only advantageous alleles are passed down
  • in a genetic bottleneck where few individuals within a population survive an event or change so they are the only ones to pass on their alleles - gene flow is reduced
  • founder effect - small number of individuals create a new colony, geographically isolated from the original - gene flow is reduced
  • genetic drift - specific genes don’t get passed onto offspring due to chance
18
Q

What is a polymorphic gene?

A
  • a gene with 2 or more alleles
19
Q

What are the human factors that affect human biodiversity?

A
  • human population growth
  • agriculture (monoculture)
  • climate change
20
Q

What are the three reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • ecological
  • economic
  • aesthetic
21
Q

What are the ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • interdependence e.g protecting keystone species
    (disproportionately large effect on their environment in comparison to their abundance) - either modifiers (beavers) or hosts (cacti)
  • maintains genetic resource bank- important for gene flow
22
Q

What are the economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • loss of species with potential economic importance e.g medical
  • continuous monoculture results in soil depletion - increased spending on fertiliser / decreased yield
  • high biodiversity protects against abiotic stresses + disease
  • ecotourism - economic advantages e.g coral reefs
  • sustainable use of food and timber production - causes soil erosion and desertification
23
Q

What occurs when biodiversity is maintained in an ecosystem?

A
  • levels of long-term productivity are higher
24
Q

What are the aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • the presence of different plants and animals enriches our lives
  • leisure uses
  • reduces stress + improves well-being
  • protects landscapes
25
Q

Define conservation

A
  • protecting natural resources for use by current + future generations sustainably
26
Q

Define preservation

A
  • preventing most human usage of land and natural resources
27
Q

What are the two types of conservation?

A
  • IN SITU conservation –> within natural habitat
  • EX SITU conservation –> out of natural habitat

Module 4 - Biodiversity, evolution and disease (3 decks)

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