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VMICRO 2205 - LEC (GEMERLYN G. GONZALES) > Module 4 (Aeromonas, Francisella, Hemophilus, & Actinobacillus) > Flashcards

Module 4 (Aeromonas, Francisella, Hemophilus, & Actinobacillus) Flashcards

1
Q

• These are groups of microorganisms that live in aquatic habitats

• Infections caused are common
among fish and amphibians

A

AEROMONAS

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2
Q

Species associated with
animal infections Aeromonas

A

➢Aeromonas hydrophila
➢Aeromonas salmincola
➢Aeromonas shigelloids

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3
Q

Morphology, staining features and
cellular composition of Aeromonas

A

• Gram-negative
• Short, plump aerobic rods

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4
Q

Growth characteristics of Aeromonas

A

• Grow in trypticase soy agar at 22 to 25°C
• Heavy turbidity in broth

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5
Q

Reservoir of Infection Aeromonas

A

• Stools, bile and throat of avian,
cattle, swine and dogs

• Feces and dysenteric stool of swine
and dogs

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6
Q

Transmission of Aeromonas

A

Ingestion of organism

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7
Q

Diseases associated with Aeromonas species

A
  1. Red syndromes
  2. Furunculosis
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8
Q

Etiologic agent: A. hydrophila
➢ Lethargy, emaciation, ulceration of the skin

A

Red syndromes

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9
Q

➢ Systemic disease with ulceration (A. salmincola)
• Hemorrhages on the fin, tail muscles, gills and intestinal organs
• Crateriform abscesses that discharge contents to the skin (furuncle)

A

Furunculosis

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10
Q

Other signs of Aeromonas infection

A

Fin rot and ulceration of the skin

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11
Q

Virulence Factors of Aeromonas

A

• Adhesins
• Enterotoxins

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12
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of Aeromonas

A

Samples: Fish and eggs

Preferred culture media:
Rimler-Shotts Medium

Agent Identification
➢ Bacterial isolation and cultivation (Trypticase soy agar)
➢ DNA primers for PCR

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13
Q

Treatment for Aeromonas

A

Oxytetracycline (60-75 mg/kg for 21 days)

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14
Q

Control and Prevention for Aeromonas

A

• Obtain fish and eggs from disease-free sources

• Stress reduction (ensuring well-aerated clean water and good nutrition)

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15
Q

• Human pathogens that occasionally infect domestic animals

A

FRANCISELLA

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16
Q

Species associated with animal
infections Francisella

A

➢Francisella tularensis
➢Francisella philomigaria
➢Francisella novicida

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17
Q

Morphology, staining features and cellular composition of Francisella

A

• Gram-negative coccobacilli
• Fresh cultures possess capsules with high lipid and amino acid content
• Older cultures show pleomorphism

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18
Q

Growth characteristics of Francisella

A

• Fastidious aerobes that prefer to grow in glucose-cysteine-blood agar

• Survives cold temperature in water, soil
and animal lesions

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19
Q

Reservoir of Infection Francisella

A

• Rabbits
• Rodents

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20
Q

Transmission of Francisella

A

• Ingestion of infected prey, feed and water
• Bites of infected blood-sucking
insects

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21
Q

Diseases associated with Francisella species

22
Q

Etiologic agent: F. tularensis
• Systemic infection marked by ulcerative inflammatory and necrotic lesions

23
Q

Virulence Factors of Francisella

A

• Capsular lipids

24
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of Francisella

A

Samples: tissue samples

Preferred culture media: Glucose cystein blood
agar

Agent identification
➢Bacterial cultivation
➢Guinea pig inoculation
➢PCR using primers for pathogenic Francisella

25
Treatment for Francisella
• Streptomycin • Tetracycline • Aminoglycosides
26
Control and prevention for Francisella
• Limiting tick exposure and access to contaminated feed and water
27
➢Organisms require one or both of two growth factors (porphyrins or nicotinamide as X factor) and adenine dinucleotide (NAD, NADP) as V factor ➢Organisms exhibit satellite formation
Hemophilus
28
Species associated with animal infections Hemophilus
➢Hemophilus parasuis ➢Hemophilus paragallinarum ➢Hemophilus somnus ➢Hemophilus agni
29
Morphology, staining features and cellular composition of Hemophilus
• Gram-negative tiny rods that form longer filaments • Non-sporeforming, non-motile aerobic but some are facultative anaerobes • Some forms are pleomorphic, capsulated and piliated • Capsules are composed of polysaccharides
30
Growth characteristics of Hemophilus
• Organisms do not grow in plain or glycerol-containing agar • Growth is enhanced by hemin and NAD and chocolate agar • Turbid in broth • Grows luxuriantly when a feeder bacterium is cross-streaked (satellism) with the organism
31
Reservoir of Infection Hemophilus
➢Respiratory tract (sick/carrier animals) ➢Nasopharynx (pigs) ➢Genital tracts (cattle and sheep)
32
Transmission of Hemophilus
• Airborne • Direct contact
33
Diseases associated with Hemophilus species
1. Bronchopneumonia in animals 2. Glasser’s Disease (Swine influenza) 3. Thrombotic meningo-encephalitis of cattle 4. Respiratory, mammary, epididymitis and septicemias in sheep
34
• secondary to viral infections {swine influenza} and other bacterial infections caused by Pasteurella and Mycoplasma spp. • marked by sero-fibrinous to fibrino-purulent secretions in the lungs, body cavities and joints
Bronchopneumonia in Animals
35
Etiologic agent: H. parasuis ➢Common among young weaned pigs raised in stressful conditions ➢Bronchopneumonia secondary to bacterial and viral infections
Glasser's disease (Swine influenza)
36
Etiologic agent: H. paragallinarum ➢Catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract
Coryza in Chickens
37
Etiologic agent: H. somnus ➢marked by septicemia, meningoencephalitis and motor and behavioral abnormalities
Thrombotic meningo-encephalitis of cattle
38
Etiologic agent: H. somnus, H. agni
Respiratory, mammary, epididymitis and septicemias in sheep
39
Virulence Factors of Hemophilus
• Capsular polysaccharides (antiphagocytic functions) • Heat-labile cytotoxins • Outer membrane proteins (bind transferin – iron complexes) • Lipopolysaccharides (initiate release of cytokines IL1 and TNF from macrophages) • Endotoxin • Adherence to epithelium, endothelium and immunoglobulins • Resistance to killing by complement proteins and phagocyte killing
40
Laboratory diagnosis of Hemophilus
Samples (Nasal secretions, infected tissues or fluids) Preferred culture media: Chocolate agar Agent identification ➢Bacterial isolation and cultivation (media that contains substances that provide the X and V factors) ➢Porphyrin test (determines X factor) ➢Serology (Agglutination, Hemagglutination-inhibition tests)
41
Treatment for Hemophilus
• Penicillin • Tetracycline • Ceftiofur • Tilmicosin
42
Control and Prevention for Hemophilus
• Immunization of animals at risk • Elimination of carriers • Depopulation of infected flocks
43
➢ Microorganisms are agents of local and septicemic infections of animals ➢ Commensals of mucus membranes ➢ Opportunistic pathogens when integrity of the host’s defenses is compromised
ACTINOBACILLUS
44
Species associated with animal infections Actinobacillus
• Actinobacillus lignieresii • Actinobacillus equuli • Actinobacillus suis • Actinobacillus capsulatus • Actinobacillus salpingitis • Actinobacillus seminis • Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
45
Morphology, staining features and cellular composition of Actinobacillus
➢ Gram-negative coccobacilli ➢ Capsulated (A. pleuropneumonia) and non-capsulated forms are present ➢ Some are piliated ➢ Contain LPS with adhesive properties to tracheal epithelia ➢ Some produce outer membrane protein that binds transferrin-iron complexes ➢ Produce periplasmic iron-binding protein (AfuA/actinoferric uptake) ➢ Form aggregates or clumps in small cheese-like grayish white sulfur granules
46
Growth characteristics of Actinobacillus
• Require blood and serum • Hemolytic forms exist • Carbohydrate fermenters (no gas production) • Reduce nitrates to nitrites • Produce urease, ortho-nitro-phenyl-beta-D- galacto-pyranosidase and nitrite
47
Reservoir of Infection Actinobacillus
• Sick and carrier animals
48
Transmission of Actinobacillus
• Endogenous infections
49
Diseases associated with Actinobacillus species
1. Pyo-granuloma of ruminants (Wooden tongue) 2. Porcine pleuropneumonia (Respiratory septicemia in swine) 3. Arthritis of rabbits (A. capsulatus) 4. Salpingitis and peritonitis of chickens (A. salpingitis) 5. Navel ill/umbilical infection of newborn foals (A. equuli) 6. Epididymitis in rams (A. seminis)
50
Virulence Factors of Actinobacillus
• Adherence to ciliated and alveolar epithelia • Capsule with antiphagocytic function • RTX-type hemolysins (ApxI, ApxII and ApxIII pleurotoxin) that kill macrophages and neutrophils • Pili-mediated adherence to alveolar epithelium • Lipopolysaccharides (induce inflammatory response and subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines ILI and TNF) • Outer membrane proteins (bind transferrin-iron complexes)
51
Treatment for Actinobacillus
• Gentamycin • Cephalosporins • Ceftiofur • Kanamycin • Trimethoprim-sulfa combination • Oral administration of iodides for wooden tongue
52
Prevention and Control for Actinobacillus
• Elimination of infected animals • Mass medication to eradicate infection • Avoiding harsh dry feed • Navel disinfection

VMICRO 2205 - LEC (GEMERLYN G. GONZALES) (5 decks)

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