module 4 Flashcards
Intelligence is????
ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn from experiences.
Ability to adapt, shape, and select environments.
What are the main intelligence tests?
- The Binet test
- stanford-binet 5
the wechsler scales
What is the Binet test?
Binet stressed that the core of intelligence consists of complex cognitive processes such as memory, imagery, comprehension, and judgement. He tested potential items and determined the age at which a typical child could answer them correctly.
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What does mental age mean?
(came up from Binet) an individual’s level of mental development relative to others.
What is intelligence quotient?
concept created by William stern. Refers to an individual’s mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100: IQ = MA/CA x 100
What is the Stanford-binet 5?
analyzes five areas including: fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial reasoning, and working memory.
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What are the Wechsler scales?
Has different levels of testing from children to adults. The WISC-V now not only provides an overall IQ score but also yields five composite scores including: Verbal Comprehension, Working Memory, Processing Speed, Fluid Reasoning, and Visual Spatial
What is normal distribution?
symmetrical, bell-shaped curve with a majority of the cases falling in the middle of the range of possible scores and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range.
What is stern berg’s triarchic theory?
Robert Sternberg thinks that the traditional IQ test fails to measure some important dimensions of intelligence. His triarchic theory consists of:
- analytical intelligence
- creative intelligence
- practical intelligence
What is analytical intelligence?
the ability to analyze, judge, and evaluate, compare, and contrast
What is creative intelligence?
consists of the ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine
What is practical intelligence?
involves the ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice.
What is gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?
according to Howard Gardner people have multiple intelligences and IQ tests measure only a few of these. He proposed 8 intelligences
What are the 8 intelligences of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?
verbal interpersonal mathematical intrapersonal naturalist Bodily-kinesthetic spatial
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What is emotional intelligence?
the ability to perceive and express emotional accurately and adaptively, to understand emotion and emotional knowledge, to use feelings to facilitate thought, and to manage emotional in oneself and others.
What does the study of intelligence center on?
The study of intelligence centers on the extent to which intelligence is influenced by genetics (nature) vs. the extent to which it is influenced by the environment (nurture)
What is cross-cultural comparisons
Values of a culture may influence the direction in which a child develops. In a cross-cultural contect, intelligence depends on a great deal on environment.
What is a stereotype threat?
anxiety regarding whether one’s behavior might confirm a negative stereotype about one’s group
What is a culture-fair tests?
intelligence tests that are designed to avoid cultural bias.
What is Bayley Scales of Infant Development?
Widely used scales, for assessing infant development. Has five scales: cognitive, language, motor, socio-emotional, and adaptive.
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What is the Fagan test correlated with?
intelligence in older children
What does a cross-sectional study assess?
assesses individuals of different ages at the same point in time.
What does a longitudinal study assess?
the same individuals are studied over a period of time.
What is crystallized intelligence?
an individual’s accumulated information and verbal skills, which continues to increase with age
What is fluid intelligence?
the ability to reason effectively
What is cognitive mechanics?
the “hardware” of the mind, reflecting the neurophysiological architecture of the brain as developed through evolution. Involves the sped and accuracy of the processes involving sensory input, visual and motor memory, discrimination, comparison, and categorization. (similar to fluid intelligence)
What is cognitive pragmatics?
The culture-based “software” of the mind. Includes reading and writing skills, language comprehension, educational qualifications, professional skills, and the self-knowledge and life skills that help us to master or cope with life. (similar to crystallized intelligence)
What is wisdom?
expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgement about important matters
What is a cognitive scale?
items measured the absence of cognitive wisdom and included items on not having the ability or being unwilling to understand something thoroughly
What is a reflective scale?
evaluated capacity and willingness to examine circumstances and issues from different perspectives
What is an affective scale?
items assessed positive and caring emotions.
What is intellectual disability?
a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional test of intelligence, and has difficulty adapting to the demands of everyday life.
What is organic intellectual disability?
a genetic disorder or a lower level of intellectual functioning caused by brain damage.
What is giftedness?
having above-average intelligence (IQ of 130 or higher) and/or superior talent for something.
What are the three criteria that characterize gifted children?
- Precocity: they begin to master an area earlier than their peers
- marching to their own drummer: learn in a qualitatively different way from ordinary children
- a passion to master: driven to understand the domain in which they have high ability.
information-processing skills: children learn faster
Why do gifted children not become gifted adults?
One reason that some gifted children do not come gifted adults is that they often have been pushed too hard by overzealous parents and teachers.
What is creativity?
the ability to think in novel and unusual ways and come up with unique solutions to problems
What is divergent thinking?
Thinking that produces many answers to the same question; characteristic of creativity
What is convergent thinking?
thinking that produces one correct answer; characteristic of the kind of thinking required on conventional intelligence tests.
What are the steps in the creative process?
- Preparation - you become immersed in a problem
- Incubation - you think of ideas in your head
- Insight - you experience the “aha” moment
- Evaluation - now you need to decide if the idea is valuable
- Elaboration - think about your idea
What characteristics do creative thinkers have in common?
- flexibility and playful thinking
- inner motivation
- willingness to risk
- Objective evaluation of work
What is brainstorming?
technique in which people are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group, play off each other’s ideas, and say practically whatever comes to mind that seems relevant to a particular issue.
What is language?
form of communication - whether spoken, written, or signed - that is based on a system of symbols.
What is infinity generatively?
ability to produce and comprehend an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules.
What is the phonology?
the sound system of a language - includes the sounds used and how they may be combined.
What is phoneme?
basic unit of sound in a language
What is morphology?
units of meaning involved in word formation
What is syntax?
the ways words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences
What is semantics?
the meanings of words and sentences
What is pragmatics?
the appropriate use of language in different contexts
Babies’ sounds go through the following sequence during the first year:
- crying
- cooing
- babbling
What is statistical learning?
which involves no instruction, reinforcement, or feedback - a powerful learning mechanism in infant development
What is receptive vocabulary?
words the child understands
What is overextension?
the tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word’s meaning by going beyond the set of referents an adult would use
What is underextension?
the tendency to apply a word too narrowly; it occurs when children fail to use a word to name a relevant event or object.
What is telegraphic speed?
The use of short, precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives.
What is fast mapping?
a process that helps to explain how young children learn the connection between a word and its referent so quickly.
What are the six principles in young children’s vocabulary development?
- children learn the words they hear most often
- children learn words for things and events that interest them
- children learn words best in responsive and interactive contexts rather than passive contexts
- children learn words best in contexts that are meaningful
- children learn words best when they access clear information about word meaning
- children learn words best when grammar and vocabulary are considered.
What are the strategies for using books effectively with preschool children
- use books to initiate conversation with young children
- use what and why questions
- encourage children to ask questions about stories
- choose some books that play with language.
What is the alphabetic principle?
the fact that the letters of the alphabet represent sounds of the language
What is the metalinguistic awareness?
knowledge about language
What is whole-language approach?
a teaching approach build on the idea that reading instruction should parallel children’s natural language learning and that reading materials should be whole and meaningful.
What is phonics approach?
built on the idea that reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds
What is a metaphor?
an implied comparison between two unlike things
What is a satire?
The use of irony, derision, or wit to expose folly or wickedness
What is dialect?
a variety of language that is distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, or pronunciation.
What is Broca’s area?
an area of the brain’s left frontal lobe that is involved in producing words
What is wernickle’s area?
an area of the brain’s left hemisphere that is involved in language comprehension
What is aphasia?
a loss of impairment of language processing resulting from damage to Broca’s area or wernickle’s area
What is a language acquisition device (LAD)?
chomsky’s term that describes a biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics.
What is recasting?
involves n adult’s rephrasing child’s statement that might lack the appropriate morphology or contain some other error. The adult restates the child’s immature utterance in the form of a fully grammatical sentence
What is expanding?
adding information to the child’s incomplete utterance
What is labeling?
naming objects that children seem interested in
