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Infection Prevention > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most serious blood borne pathogens?

A

HBV (Hepatitis B)
HCV (Hepatitis C)
HIV (AIDS)

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2
Q

If you are not wearing gloves what is your risk of contracting HBV, HCV and HIV after a stick with a contaminated needle?

A

HBV - 30 % (non-immune)
HCV - 3%
HIV 0.3 %

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3
Q

By how much does wearing gloves reduce your chance of contracting HBV/HCV/HIV through a needle poke and why?

A

50% because the blood is wiped off on the glove before it passes through.

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4
Q

Which blood borne pathogens is immunization available for?

A

Hep A and B

Not Hep C or HIV

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5
Q

What does antigen mean?

A

Virus, infectious (bad news)

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6
Q

What does antibody mean?

A

immunity - good news (except for HIV)

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7
Q

Why is the presence of antibodies not good news with HIV?

A

The virus will still not be destroyed because it hides inside cells of the immune system, the cells will be destroyed, the immune system will be compromised and death will result.

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8
Q

What does hepatitis mean?

A

Inflammation of the liver

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9
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

A viral infection of the liver, but may also be caused by alcohol, parasites, drugs, chemical toxins and other agents.

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of hepatitis?

A

Jaundiced skin and sclera (white of eyes)
Dark urine
Pale feces

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11
Q

What are hepatitis A and E?

A

Transmitted via feces contaminated food and water.

because you AtE them

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12
Q

What was hepatitis previously called?

A 
Infectious hepatitis (but all hep is infectious) 
Short incubation hepatitis (but incubation varies)
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13
Q

Describe the process of Hep A

A

Replicates in the epithelial lining of oral cavity and intestine, enters blood stream, invades liver, replicates in liver cells, bile leaving liver transports more HAV to the intestine (feces).

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14
Q

Describe the body of Hep A

A

It is naked (unenveloped).

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15
Q

What is the incubation period for Hep A?

A

15-50 days

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16
Q

What is the usual result of Hep A?

A

Usual symptoms, no permanent damage, usually do not die.

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17
Q

Are people with Hep A usually chronic carriers?

A

No

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18
Q

How is Hep A diagnoses?

A

Blood test looking for elevated liver enzymes and Hep A antibodies

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19
Q

What is the prevention control in place for Hep A?

A
  • Feces are highly infective so careful had washing after contact with fecal matter.
  • No carriers should handle food as the virus can live in food for days
  • Do not come in contact with saliva
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20
Q

When is the Hep A vaccine recommended?

A
  • Travellers of countries with poor sanitation

- Identified contacts of people with Hep A

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21
Q

What was Hepatitis B previously called?

A 
Serum hepatitis (but found in other body fluids too)
Long incubation hepatitis (but incubation time varies)
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22
Q

What is Hepatits B?

A

Small, enveloped virus that is unusually stable for being enveloped, it can resist freezing, moderate heat and some disinfectants.

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23
Q

Describe the Hep B body?

A

Nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat which is surrounded by a spiked envelope.

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24
Q

what are the 3 antigenic areas of the Hep B viral partible?

A

Hep B surface antigen (outer envelope)
Core antigen (protein coat)
“E” antigen (protein coat)

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25
Q

Describe the process of Hep B

A

Enters through blood or mucous membrane –>blood stream –> replicates in liver –> carried by blood to othe body fluids (tears, saliva, semen, mothers milk, vaginal secretions etc.)

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26
Q

What are the symptoms of Hep B?

A

Usually no symptoms (asymptomatic)

27
Q

If a patient does have symptoms with Hep B what are they?

A

Jaundice

Liver inflammation symptoms (malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort).

28
Q

What is the incubation period of Hep B?

A

3 months

29
Q

Are infected people chronic carriers of Hep B?

A

Yes, 5-10%
Carriers are a reservoir of HBV and may be infectious for 6-7 years.
Increases chance of liver cancer.

30
Q

What is a fulminant infection of Hep B

A

Rapid and Severe
1-3%
Liver failure/death

31
Q

How is Hep B transmitted?

A 
Blood to blood or blood to mucous membrane activities:
Blood:
- sharing needles
- sex
- tattoo/acupuncture 
- shared razors/toothbrushes
- needle sticks
- blood stained bandages/clothing

By body fluid:

  • sex
  • saliva aerosols
  • CPR

Mother to baby

32
Q

How long are blood stained bandages/clothing infectious of Hep B for?

A

One week @ room temp

33
Q

What is the drug that treats chronic Hep B?

A

Interferon, antiviral drug

34
Q

How is Hep B diagnosed?

A

Blood test for Hep B surface antigen

35
Q

How is Hep B prevented?

A

Vaccination
Gloves, goggles, protective clothing
Immune Globulin

36
Q

What is Immune Globulin?

A

A product administered within 48 hrs of a healthcare worker has being exposed to Hep B (short term prevention).

37
Q

How many cases of Hep are type C?

A

20%

38
Q

What is the biggest cause of hep C?

A

Intravenous drug use

39
Q

How is Hep C transmitted?

A

Blood
Ineffectively by sexual transmission
Mother to baby

40
Q

What are the symptoms of hep C?

A

80% are asymptomatic

41
Q

Is hep C chronically carried?

A

Yes, 60-90%

42
Q

What is the result of chronic Hep C?

A

20 % liver cirrhosis
Increased hepatic cancer
Chronic fatigue

43
Q

What is Hep D?

A

Defective virus that can only replicate in combination with Hep B

44
Q

What is Hep E?

A

Spread by fecal oral route, similar to Hep A but higher mortality rate.

45
Q

Is the Hep C viral body enveloped?

A

Yes

46
Q

Difference between HIV/AIDs?

A

HIV is asymptomatic

AIDS symptoms present

47
Q

What is HIV?

A

An enveloped RNA retrovirus with glycoprotein spikes

48
Q

Describe the makeup of HIV

A

The core

  • centre
  • 2 strands of RNA
  • contains reverse transcriptase used to produce viral DNA from RNA

The protein coat

  • surrounds core
  • several proteins (protein 24 is one of them)

The Lipid envelope

  • spikey lipid bilayer
  • binds virus to host cell via spikes
49
Q

Is HIV very hardy?

A

No, can survive outside host for 1 week

Routine sterilization, disinfection and cleaning are fine.

50
Q

Describe the process of HIV?

A
  1. Binding to host via spike (glycoprotein meets the membrane receptor on Tcells or CD4 cells of the immune system.
  2. Penetration - shed protein coat
  3. Reverse transcription - viral DNA rewrites host cell DNA
  4. Dormant period - variable time
  5. Viral replication - cell activated, synthesized and ready to infect others
51
Q

What is the cellular effect of HIV?

A

Kills helper Tcells and CD4 cells (immune system)

immune system is compromised, AIDs is the result

52
Q

How is HIV diagnosed?

A

Blood test for antibodies

53
Q

How quick are antibodies present after contracting HIV?

A

4-12weeks

54
Q

What is a negative window?

A

Negative screen test does not rule our infection, person is infected but detectable levels of antibodies are not yet present.

55
Q

What is the Western Blot?

A

Confirmatory test of HIV, identifies several specific HIV antibodies

56
Q

Describe the progression of HIV infection?

A

Contact –> primary infection (no symps) –> latent period (2 yrs) slow destruction of cells –> clinical AIDS (open to various infections, death)

57
Q

What is a normal CD4 count?

A

600

Below 200 in AIDS

58
Q

How is HIV/AIDS cured?

A

No cure for AIDS

ZDV/AZT is a drug that slows viral replication in HIV

59
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Blood, most infectious body fluid

60
Q

What is more contagious, Hep B or HIV?

A

Hep B

61
Q

What incidents would be considered significant exposure to blood?

A
  1. Patient blood contacts broken skin of HC worker

2. Patient blood contacting the mucous membrane of a HC worker

62
Q

Steps for a HC worker to follow when coming in contact w/ patient blood.

A
  1. Bleed freely, wash w/antimicrobal soap and water
  2. Disinfect w/alcohol or iodine
  3. Contact appropriate service to document
  4. Blood test
  5. Treatment
63
Q

What are HAART

A

antivirals, administered after contact w/ blood

64
Q

What are some recent viral concerns to Canadians?

A

Sars
West Nile
H1N1 Flu

Infection Prevention (4 decks)

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