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NEW Spec Chemistry AS > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

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2
Q

What is the general formula for an alkene?

A

CnH2n

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3
Q

What is the general formula for an alcohol?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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4
Q

What is meant by the term structural isomer?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

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5
Q

What is meant by the term stereoisomers?

A

Organic compounds with the same molecular and structural formulae but having a different arrangement of atoms in space.

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6
Q

What is meant by the term homolytic fission?

A

When a covalent bond breaks and each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals.

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7
Q

What is meant by the term heterolytic fission?

A

When a covalent bond breaks and one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonding pair.

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8
Q

What is meant by the term radical?

A

A highly reactive species with one or more unpaired electrons.

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9
Q

What is meant by the term curly arrow?

A

Model the flow of electron pairs during reaction mechanisms.

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10
Q

What is meant by the term electrophile?

A

An electron-pair acceptor.

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11
Q

What is meant by the term nucleophile?

A

An electron-pair donor.

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12
Q

What is the shape and bond angle around a C in an alkane?

A

Tetrahedral, 109.5

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13
Q

Which factors affect boiling points of alkanes? How?

A
  • carbon chain length, increases as length increases, more London forces
  • branching, decreases as branching increases, fewer London forces
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14
Q

Why do alkanes have a low reactivity?

A

High bond enthalpies, low polarity

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15
Q

What are the potential dangers of CO?

A
  • toxic gas, odourless and colourless
  • diffuses into blood and forms coordinate bonds to Fe in haemoglobin instead of oxygen
  • organs become oxygen deprived
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16
Q

What are the conditions required for the halogenation of an alkane?

A

UV light

17
Q

What are the three stages of free radical substitution?

A

Initiation, propagation and termination

18
Q

What are the limitations of radical substitution?

A
  • can further substitute
  • difficult to control
  • mixture of products forms
19
Q

What is the shape and bond angle around a C in an alkene functional group?

A

Trigonal planar, 120

20
Q

How does the pi-bond form?

A

Sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below the bonding C atoms.

21
Q

What is required for a molecule to have stereoisomerism?

A
  • restricted rotation around the C=C

- 2 different groups attached to each C in the C=C

22
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

A
  • lower bond enthalpy of the pi-bond

- C=C has high electron density to attract electrophiles

23
Q

What are the conditions for the hydrogenation of an alkene?

A

150 degrees

Ni catalyst

24
Q

What are the conditions for the hydration of an alkene?

A
  • phosphoric acid

- 300 degrees, 65 atm.

25
Q

According to Markownikoff’s rule, why will a major and minor product form from the addition reaction to an unsymmetrical alkene? Which is major and which is minor?

A
  • relative stabilities of carbocations
  • major = most stable carbocation = most substituted
  • minor = least stable carbocation = least substituted
26
Q

What are the disadvantages of polymer waste?

A
  • fill landfills up
  • release toxic gases when burnt
  • produced from non-renewable sources
27
Q

What is being done to use waste from polymers?

A
  • combustion for electrical generation
  • re-using
  • sorting and recycling
  • organic feedstock
28
Q

What are the alternatives to polymers? Why are they good?

A
  • biodegradable - broken down in nature with only some small polymer pieces remaining
  • bio plastics - completely break down, sustainable sources
  • photodegradable - broken down by light but need sufficient exposure
29
Q

What is meant by the term homologous series?

A

A series of organic compounds that have the same functional group with each successive members differing by a CH2.

NEW Spec Chemistry AS (4 decks)

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